scholarly journals Who Doesn’t Want Democracy? A Multilevel Analysis of Elite and Mass Attitudes

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-281
Author(s):  
Brandon Gorman ◽  
Ijlal Naqvi ◽  
Charles Kurzman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
High Income ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Mass Attitudes

Despite its global rise in popularity, a significant number of people still oppose democracy. The current study evaluates three competing theories of opposition to democracy–developmentalist, culturalist, and elitist – using a series of multi-level regression models that combine individualand country-level variables. Results of our statistical analyses suggest that: 1) country-level indicators of social, political, and economic development are not consistently related to individual support for democracy; 2) macro-cultural factors have mixed effects on individual support for democracy; and 3) individual income and education have strong effects on individual support for democracy, but this relationship is mediated by country-level economic development. Specifically, we find that high-income individuals in relatively underdeveloped countries are more likely to oppose democracy than high-income individuals in wealthier countries. These results suggest that economic, social, and political development do not necessarily go together.

scholarly journals Who Doesn’t Want Democracy? A Multilevel Analysis of Elite and Mass Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon Gorman ◽  
Ijlal Naqvi ◽  
Charles Kurzman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
High Income ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Mass Attitudes

Despite its global rise in popularity, a significant number of people still oppose democracy. The current study evaluates three competing theories of opposition to democracy – developmentalist, culturalist, and elitist – using a series of multi-level regression models that combine individual- and country-level variables. Results of our statistical analyses suggest that: 1) country-level indicators of social, political, and economic development are not consistently related to individual support for democracy; 2) macro-cultural factors have mixed effects on individual support for democracy; and 3) individual income and education have strong effects on individual support for democracy, but this relationship is mediated by country-level economic development. Specifically, we find that high-income individuals in relatively underdeveloped countries are more likely to oppose democracy than high-income individuals in wealthier countries. These results suggest that economic, social, and political development do not necessarily go together.

Aiding together? Europeans’ attitudes on common aid policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman S Kiratli
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Aid Policy

This article explores the determinants of individual support for common aid policy in the European Union, the largest multilateral contributor of foreign aid. Using the 2016 Eurobarometer survey data, I first investigate the influence of individuals’ assessments of aid objectives on support for multilateral disbursements, and second, I explore the effect of country-level factors, population and economic power. Multilevel regression models reveal that those who prioritize economic infrastructural projects in developing countries are highly negative of the utilization of EU channels. Conversely, individual preferences for the promotion of democratic reforms and the provision of basic necessities are strongly and positively associated with the dependent variable. The results also demonstrate that individuals living in lower income and less populated polities are more positively disposed towards common aid policy.

SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE STRATEGY OF MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SERVICE ENTERPRISE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petro Makarenko ◽  
◽  
Olena Judina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Sustainable Economic Development ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The article substantiates the methodological tools for the formation of the mechanism for implementing the strategy of sustainable economic development of the hotel and restaurant industry. To ensure the operation of the mechanism, a system of indicators and criteria for assessing the process of sustainable economic development, based on accelerating the growth of efficiency and reducing operating costs through reserve and progressive development of resource potential of the enterprise. The paper identifies the stages of sustainable economic development of the enterprise, which include: identification, grouping and analysis of factors of progressive and reserve development, their classification and determining the degree of influence on the growth of operational (production and administrative and marketing) activities, progressive development of resource potentials; development of regression models and indicators of progressive, reserve and sustainable (static and dynamic) economic development, which explain the patterns of influence of factors on performance indicators; forecasting the parameters of efficiency and cost of production and commercial activities; formation of the volume and structure of investments by types of capital investments that ensure the progressive development of resource potentials, economic growth and sustainability of the enterprise. A methodology for creating regression models and indicators was developed, which provided an opportunity to assess and predict the ratio of resource costs and the level of operational efficiency, as well as change the performance indicator by changing the values of factor parameters or their total value in different combinations. The algorithm of the organizational and economic mechanism of realization of strategy of management of steady economic development of the enterprise of hotel and restaurant sphere is constructed. This algorithm provided the ability to determine the reserves of available resources, as well as to establish the required size and structure of capital investments that reduce costs and increase the efficiency of production and administrative activities.

scholarly journals Corporate debt maturity and economic development

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Álvarez-Botas ◽  
Víctor M. González-Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Corporate Debt ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bank Concentration

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of economic development on the influence of country-level determinants on corporate debt maturity, bearing in mind firm size and the period of financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ panel data estimation with fixed effects to examine the role of economic development in influencing the relationship between country-level determinants on corporate debt maturity. The paper uses a sample of 30,727 listed firms, belonging to 39 countries, over the period 2005–2012. Findings Corporate debt maturity increases with the efficiency of the legal system and bank concentration and decreases with the weight of banks in the economy. However, the importance of these country determinants is greater in developing than in developed countries. The authors also show that firm size in developed and developing countries influences country determinants of corporate debt maturity. Finally, the results reveal that the financial crisis has affected the debt maturity of firms differently in developed and developing countries, with the effect of bank concentration lengthening debt maturity, this effect being more pronounced in developing countries. Practical implications The findings provide useful insights to guide policy decisions providing access to long-term financing, as corporate debt maturity depends on economic development, institutional environment, banking structure and firm size. Originality/value This study incorporates economic development in explaining the relationship between country-level determinants and corporate debt maturity.

The Limits of Meritocracy in Stabilizing Democracy and the Twin Importance of Bureaucratic Impartiality and Effectiveness

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
David Delfs Erbo Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Support For Democracy ◽  
Democratic Stability ◽  
Bureaucratic Behavior ◽  
Coups D'etat

Abstract Theories connecting meritocracy and democratic stability are heavily understudied, and there are few attempts to empirically disentangle the potential mechanisms. This article proposes a novel explanation, emphasizing that bureaucratic impartiality and effectiveness provide separate shields that stabilize democracies. Impartiality protects the opposition from unlawful discrimination, which raises support for democracy among the (potential) losers of elections and reduces the incentives to rebel or stage coups d’état, whereas effectiveness serves incumbent policies, which raises support among the (potential) winners and reduces the likelihood of incumbent takeovers. I find support for these propositions in comparative-historical analyses of a few paradigmatic cases—interwar Finland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany—with similar levels of economic development, imperial-autocratic legacies, and meritocratic types of administration but different regime outcomes. The results show that both impartial and effective bureaucratic behavior rather than meritocratic recruitment norms as such are important stabilizers of democracy. Yet they emphasize the importance of bureaucratic effectiveness in raising the perception that votes count to change outcomes on the ground and thus that democracy makes a difference. I argue that this should have a wider significance for the study of contemporary processes of democratic recession.

Financial Access of Latin America and Caribbean Firms: What Are the Roles of Institutional, Financial, and Economic Development?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097265272110153
Author(s):  
Lan Khanh Chu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This article examines the impact of institutional, financial, and economic development on firms’ access to finance in Latin America and Caribbean region. Based on firm- and country-level data from the World Bank databases, we employ an ordered logit model to understand the direct and moderating role of institutional, financial, and economic development in determining firms’ financial obstacles. The results show that older, larger, facing less competition and regulation burden, foreign owned, and affiliated firms report lower obstacles to finance. Second, better macro-fundamentals help to lessen the level of obstacles substantially. Third, the role of institutions in promoting firms’ inclusive finance is quite different to the role of financial development and economic growth. JEL classification: E02; G10; O16; P48

scholarly journals Physician-Related Variability in the Outcomes of an Invasive Treatment for Neck and Back Pain: A Multi-Level Analysis of Data Gathered in Routine Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3855
Author(s):  
Ana Royuela Vicente ◽  
Francisco M. Kovacs ◽  
Jesús Seco-Calvo ◽  
Borja M. Fernández-Félix ◽  
Víctor Abraira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Spinal Pain ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Training Standards ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Level Analysis

Neuro-reflexotherapy (NRT) is a proven effective, invasive treatment for neck and back pain. To assess physician-related variability in results, data from post-implementation surveillance of 9023 patients treated within the Spanish National Health Service by 12 physicians were analyzed. Separate multi-level logistic regression models were developed for spinal pain (SP), referred pain (RP), and disability. The models included all patient-related variables predicting response to NRT and physician-related variables. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and the Median Odds Ratio (MOR) were calculated. Adjusted MOR (95% CI) was 1.70 (1.47; 2.09) for SP, 1.60 (1.38; 1.99) for RP, and 1.65 (1.42; 2.03) for disability. Adjusted ICC (95%CI) values were 0.08 (0.05; 0.15) for SP, 0.07 (0.03; 0.14) for RP, and 0.08 (0.04; 0.14) for disability. In the sensitivity analysis, in which the 6920 patients treated during the physicians’ training period were excluded, adjusted MOR was 1.38 (1.17; 1.98) for SP, 1.37 (1.12; 2.31) for RP, and 1.25 (1.09; 1.79) for disability, while ICCs were 0.03 (0.01; 0.14) for SP, 0.03 (0.00; 0.19) for RP, and 0.02 (0.00; 0.10) for disability. In conclusion, the variability in results obtained by different NRT-certified specialists is reasonable. This suggests that current training standards are appropriate.

Malaysia's Perspective of Inclusive Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firdaos ROSLI ◽  
En Ning HWA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
High Income ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Development Goals

Since independence, Malaysia has pursued inclusive development for all its economic and social long-term plans. The success of its past national plans for economic development can be assessed by the progress of its Millennium Development Goals. The country now faces greater challenges in achieving inclusive economic and social development before it could become a high income nation by 2020. The authors suggest that inclusive development can also be incorporated in regional frameworks and programmes.

scholarly journals Corporate Initiatives and Strategies to Meet the Environmental Challenges – Contributions Towards a Green Economic Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogrean Claudia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Business Model ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Environmental Challenges ◽  
New Business ◽  
Multi Level

Abstract The paper aims to emphasize, based on an interdisciplinary and multi-level approach, on the actual and potential contributions of businesses towards a green economic development - through the positive integration of the environmental challenges within their initiatives and strategies. The main objectives that the paper will target in order to accomplish this mission are: (1). to outline the general framework of the green economic development; (2). to identify the specific environmental challenges businesses could and have to address in order to support the green economic development; (3). to analyze particular initiatives and strategies which have been successfully developed by companies aiming at internalizing the environmental imperative - and to argue in favor of a new business model, able to end, through the green economic development, a virtuous circle of co-evolution between businesses and the environment.

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