Using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales–21 With U.S. Adolescents: An Alternate Models Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 581-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Moore ◽  
Erin Dowdy ◽  
Michael J. Furlong
Keyword(s):  
Universal Screening ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Underlying Factor ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Internalizing Distress ◽  
Best Fit

As part of universal screening efforts in schools, validated measures that identify internalizing distress are needed. One promising available measure, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales–21 (DASS–21), has yet to be thoroughly investigated with adolescents in the United States. This study investigated the underlying factor structure of the DASS–21 in a sample of U.S. adolescents ( N = 2,454) by using confirmatory factor analytic techniques to test several alternate models. A bifactor model specifying general Negative Affectivity and three specific factors of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress yielded the best fit. Results from this study suggest that (a) the DASS–21 scales reflect a common factor, indicating that a total score of the DASS–21 can be derived as a measure of general negative affectivity, and (b) the DASS–21 may not adequately differentiate between the experiences of negative affectivity, anxiety, and stress in U.S. adolescents.

Mixed-Frequency Macro–Finance Factor Models: Theory and Applications*

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-628
Author(s):  
Elena Andreou ◽  
Patrick Gagliardini ◽  
Eric Ghysels ◽  
Mirco Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Asymptotic Distribution ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Test Statistics ◽  
Large Panels ◽  
Financial Variables ◽  
Volatility Index ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Macro Finance

Abstract This article presents tests for the existence of common factors spanning two large panels/groups of macroeconomic and financial variables, and the estimation of common and group-specific factors. New analytical results are derived regarding (i) the difference in the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics when aggregating the data first and then extracting the principal components (PCs), or vice versa, as well as (ii) the estimation of the common factor and its asymptotic distribution, extending the work of Andreou et al. (2019). We find that although there is no empirical evidence for one common factor, with constant loadings, in the United States during the period 1963–2017, there is evidence of one common macro–finance factor during the pre- and post-Great Moderation regimes. The aforementioned approaches of estimating PCs yield almost identical common and group-specific (financial and macro) factors which turn out to be significant in predicting key economic indicators, such as real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and the CBOE Volatility Index, among others.

scholarly journals Structural Validity of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 Adapted for U.S. Undergraduates

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kia-Keating ◽  
Unkyung No ◽  
Stephanie Moore ◽  
Michael J. Furlong ◽  
Sabrina Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Bifactor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Latent Structure ◽  
General Distress ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Best Fit

Effective self-report screening tools for emerging adults are understudied. The present study examined the latent structure of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) with U.S. undergraduates. Data were collected from 1,413 undergraduates surveyed online. Three models were tested: (a) a one-factor model, (b) the original correlated three-factor model, and (c) a bifactor model that included a general negative affectivity factor and three specific factors of depression, anxiety, and stress. The bifactor model with three specific orthogonal factors yielded the best fit. All items loaded onto the general negative affectivity factor. This study provides an important evaluation of alternative models of the latent structure of the DASS among U.S. undergraduates, with results supporting it as an assessment of general distress for emerging adults.

Comparison of Factor Structures for the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 1015-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad S. Chissom ◽  
Jerry R. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Analytic Procedure ◽  
Research Reporting ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Developmental Test ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Components Analysis

The purpose was comparison of the factor structure of the Frostig DTVP based on current research reporting intercorrelations of scores on the 5 Frostig subtests. Ss in the 11 studies examined were children from preschool through the second grade. The intercorrelation matrices from the studies were analyzed using a principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation as a common factor analytic procedure. Results indicated a single-factor structure described the 5 Frostig subtests in 9 of the 11 studies examined with that single factor accounting for 50 to 60% of the total variation. It is possible that one or more additional specific factors may exist but the analyses in this study did not identify more than the single factor.

scholarly journals A factor analytic examination of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire-Revised: A three-factor model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamden K Strunk
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Three Factor

The literature in achievement goals includes mixed results as to the factor structure of achievement goal measures, particularly the Achievement Goal Questionnaire, Revised (AGQ-R). In a sample of 1,496 undergraduate students (600 men, 891 women, 5 gender unreported; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 3.2), the AGQ-R was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis that suggested three factors. Then, in a different sample of 1,125 undergraduate students (270 men, 750 women, 5 gender unreported; M age = 21.7 yr., SD = 5.4), the measure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, in which a three-factor solution, again, showed the best fit to the observed data. The implications of these results for the measurement of achievement goals are discussed.

Depression, Anxiety, and Stress: How Should Clinicians Interpret the Total and Subscale Scores of the 21-Item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales?

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1550-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eu Gene Chin ◽  
Erin M. Buchanan ◽  
Chad Ebesutani ◽  
John Young
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Model Misspecification ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Multidimensional Modeling ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Report Measure

The 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21) is a self-report measure that is easy to administer, quick to score, and is freely available. Widely used in diverse settings and populations, confirmatory factor analytic evidence has accumulated for a bifactor model underlying this multidimensional measure. Studies employing an exploratory bifactor approach to more closely examine its underlying structure and inter-relations of factors, however, have been scarce. This is unfortunate because confirmatory techniques often employ indirect ways of handling model misspecification, whereas exploratory methods enable more direct approaches. Moreover, more precise approaches to modeling an exploratory bifactor structure have not been examined with the DASS-21. Based on several large samples of undergraduate students in the United States, the first two parts of the paper (Studies 1 and 2) utilized both exploratory ( M = 19.7 years of age) and confirmatory factor analytic methods ( M = 19.7 years of age) following those presented by contemporary multidimensional modeling theorists. Building upon these results, the third part of the paper (Study 3; M = 20.0 years of age) examined sensitivity-/specificity-related indices to provide cut-off score recommendations for a revised DASS-21 instrument based on a newly identified and supported bifactor structure. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of taxonomy, challenges inherent in multidimensional modeling, and potential use of the revised DASS-21 measure as a component of an actuarial decision-making strategy to inform clinical referrals.

scholarly journals A Factor Analytic Examination of the Achievement Goal Questionnaire–Revised Supports a Three-Factor Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamden K. Strunk
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Achievement Goals ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Factor Solution ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Three Factor

The literature in achievement goals includes mixed results as to the factor structure of achievement goal measures, particularly the Achievement Goal Questionnaire–Revised (AGQ–R). In a sample of 1,496 undergraduate students (600 men, 891 women, 5 unreported sex; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 3.2), the AGQ–R was subjected to an exploratory factor analysis that suggested three factors. Then, in a different sample of 1,125 undergraduate students (270 men, 750 women, 5 unreported sex; M age = 21.7 yr., SD = 5.4), the measure was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis, in which a three-factor solution, again, showed the best fit to the observed data. The implications of these results for the measurement of achievement goals are discussed.

Psychometric Definition of Rorschach Determinant Component Structure

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Lower Order ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Comprehensive System ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
Component Structure ◽  
Exner's Comprehensive System ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Definition Of

This is an empirical examination of Experienced Stimulation (es) and Experience Actual (EA) from Exner's Comprehensive System (CS) for Rorschach's Test, spurred by Kleiger's theoretical critique. Principal components analysis, Cronbach's α, and inter-item correlational analyses were used to test whether 13 determinants used to code Rorschach responses (M, FM, m, CF+C, YF+Y, C'F+C', TF+T, VF+V, FC, FC', FV, FY, FT) are best represented as a one, two, or more-dimensional construct. The 13 determinants appear to reflect three dimensions, a “lower order” sensori-motor dimension (m + CF+C + YF+Y + C'F+C' + TF+T + VF+V) with a suggested label of Modified Experienced Stimulation (MES), a “higher order” sensori-motor dimension (FM + FV + FY + FT) with a suggested label of Modified Experience Potential (MEP), and a third sensori-motor dimension (M+FC+FC') for which the label of Modified Experience Actual (MEA) is suggested. These findings are consistent with Kleiger's arguments and could lead to a refinement of CS constructs by aggregating determinants along lines more theoretically congruous and more internally consistent. A RAMONA model with parameters specified was presented for replication attempts which use confirmatory factor analytic techniques.

A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Study of Anxiety, Fear, and Behavioral Inhibition System Measures

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Cooper ◽  
Adam M. Perkins ◽  
Philip J. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition System ◽  
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory ◽  
Factor Analytic ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Structural Invariance ◽  
Fear And Anxiety

Abstract. Recent revisions to the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) of personality have highlighted the distinction between the emotions of fear and anxiety. These revisions have substantial implications for self-report measurement; in particular, they raise the question of whether separate traits of fear and anxiety exist and, if so, their interrelationship. To address this question, the current study used confirmatory factor analytic procedures to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of trait anxiety, fear, and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS). We also examined measurement and structural invariance across gender in 167 males and 173 females who completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Carver and White BIS Scale, and the Fear Survey Schedule (FSS). The findings suggested that trait anxiety and the BIS scale are relatively distinct from Tissue Damage Fear (FSS). Further, the final model showed measurement and structural invariance across gender. The implications of the results for future self-report assessment in RST research are discussed.

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