A Neurotoxicity Assessment of High Flash Aromatic Naphtha

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fielding Douglas ◽  
Richard H. Mckee ◽  
Stuart Z. Cagen ◽  
Susan L. Schmitt ◽  
Patrick W. Beatty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Refining Process ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Catalytic Reforming ◽  
Aromatic Molecules ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group Sex

Catalytic reforming is a refining process that converts naphthenes to aromatics by dehydrogenation to make higher octane gasoline blending components. A portion of this wide-boiling range hydrocarbon stream can be separated by distillation and used for other purposes. One such application is a mixture of predominantly 9-carbon aromatic molecules (C9 Aromatics, primarily isomers of ethyltoluene and trimethylbenzene), which is removed and used as a solvent also known as High Flash Aromatic Naphtha (HFAN). A program was initiated to assess the toxicological properties of HFAN since there may be human exposure, especially in the workplace. The current study was conducted to assess the potential for neurotoxicity in the rat. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats of approximately 300 grams body weight, in groups of twenty, were exposed by inhalation to HFAN for 90 days at concentrations of 0, 100, 500, and 1500 ppm. During this period the animals were tested monthly for motor activity and in afunctional observation battery. After three months of exposure, for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, 10 animals/group/sex were sacrificed and selected nervous system tissue was examined histopathologically. No signs of neurotoxicity were seen in any of the evaluated parameters, nor was there evidence of pathologic changes in any of the examined tissues.

Subchronic Neurotoxicity of Vaporized Diisopropyl Ether in Rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Rodriguez ◽  
W. E. Dalbey
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Diisopropyl Ether ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Group Sex ◽  
The Brain

The neurotoxicity potential of diisopropyl ether (DIPE) during subchronic exposures was evaluated in rats using a functional observational battery (FOB), automated motor activity, and neuropathology. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 5 dl wk for 13 weeks by inhalation to either 0, 450, 3250, or 7060 ppm DIPE. Body weights were recorded weekly and clinical observations were recorded prior to each exposure. The FOB and a measurement of motor activity were performed before the first exposure. The FOB was repeated following 2, 4, 8, and 13 weeks of exposure, and motor activity was determined following 4, 8, and 13 weeks of exposure. After completion of the final evaluations, the animals were intravascularly perfused with phosphate-buffered 5% glutaraldehyde. Microscopic examination of the brain, spinal cord, gasserian and dorsal root ganglia, and sciatic nerve was performed on six animals/ group/ sex exposed to 0 or 7060 ppm DIPE. Motor activity in a figure-eight maze and unperturbed activity in the FOB were decreased at week 4 in females exposed to 7060 ppm; activity in the FOB was also decreased in females exposed to 450 ppm at week 4. Other changes in the FOB appeared to be minor, and none were observed during microscopic examination of tissues from the nervous system. In conclusion, inhalation exposures to DIPE at concentrations as high as 7060 ppm for 13 weeks resulted in few observable effects on the nervous system.

Chronic intravenous administration of V1 arginine vasopressin agonist results in sustained hypertension

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (2) ◽  
pp. H751-H756 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Cowley ◽  
E. Szczepanska-Sadowska ◽  
K. Stepniakowski ◽  
D. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Chronic Stimulation ◽  
Sustained Hypertension ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Despite the well-recognized vasoconstrictor and fluid-retaining actions of vasopressin, prolonged administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to normal animals or humans fails to produce sustained hypertension. The present study was performed to elucidate the role of the V1 receptor in determining the ability of AVP to produce sustained hypertension. Conscious Sprague-Dawley rats with implanted catheters were infused with the selective V1 agonist, [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]vasopressin (2 ng.kg-1.min-1), for 14 days in amounts that were acutely nonpressor. Blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), body weight, and water intake (WI) were determined daily. Plasma AVP, plasma catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, plasma osmolality, and electrolyte concentration were determined before and on days 1 and 7 of infusion. MAP increased significantly by 10.4 +/- 4.5 mmHg on day 1 and rose to 22 +/- 5 mmHg above control by day 14 (transient decrease on days 6-9) and then fell to control levels after the infusion was stopped. HR did not change significantly. Plasma AVP immunoreactivity increased from 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 10.9 +/- 2.1 pg/ml, whereas norepinephrine tended to fall only on day 1, with epinephrine only slightly elevated on day 7. No evidence of fluid retention was found, and rats lost sodium only on the first day of V1 agonist infusion. Body weight increased throughout the study but was unrelated to the changes of MAP. We conclude that chronic stimulation of V1 receptors results in sustained hypertension in rats.

scholarly journals Renal haemodynamic and tubular actions of urotensin II in the rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa E S Abdel-Razik ◽  
Ellen J Forty ◽  
Richard J Balment ◽  
Nick Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Renal Medulla ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Haemodynamic Effects ◽  
Urotensin Ii ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽  
Excretion Rates

Urotensin II (UTS) is a potent vasoactive peptide that was originally identified in teleost fish. Mammalian orthologues of UTS and its receptor (UTSR) have been described in several species, including humans and rats. We have shown previously that bolus injections of UTS caused a decrease in urine flow and sodium excretion rates in parallel with marked reductions in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of UTS infusion at a dose that has minimal impact upon renal haemodynamics in order to identify a potential direct tubular action of UTS. Infusion of rat UTS (rUTS) at 0.6 pmol/min per 100 g body weight in male Sprague–Dawley rats, which had no effect on RBF and caused a 30% reduction in GFR, resulted in a significant increase in the fractional excretion of sodium (vehicle 2.3±0.6 versus rUTS 0.6 pmol 4.5±0.6%, P<0.05) and potassium. At the higher dose of 6 pmol/min per 100 g body weight, haemodynamic effects dominated the response. rUTS induced a marked reduction in RBF and GFR (vehicle 1.03±0.06 versus rUTS 6 pmol 0.31±0.05 ml/min per 100 g body weight, P<0.05) resulting in an anti-diuresis and anti-natriuresis, but no change in fractional excretion of sodium or potassium. Uts2d and Uts2r mRNA expression were greater in the renal medulla compared with the cortex. Together, these data support an inhibitory action of Uts2d on renal tubule sodium and potassium reabsorption in the rat, in addition to its previously described renal haemodynamic effects.

Defense of differfing body weight set points in diet-induced obese and resistant rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. R412-R419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Levin ◽  
Richard E. Keesey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Among outbred Sprague-Dawley rats, approximately one-half develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) and one-half are diet resistant (DR) on a diet relatively high in fat and energy content (HE diet). Here we examined the defense of body weight in these two phenotypes. After HE diet for 13 wk, followed by chow for 6 wk, DR rats gained weight comparably but their plasma leptin levels fell to 54% of chow-fed controls. When a palatable liquid diet (Ensure) was added for 13 wk, other DR rats became obese. But when switched to chow, their intakes fell by 60%, and body and retroperitoneal (RP) fat pad weights and plasma leptin and insulin levels all declined for 2 wk and then stabilized at control levels after 6 wk. In contrast, comparably obese DIO rats decreased their intake by only 20%, and their weights plateaued when they were switched to chow after 13 wk on HE diet. When a subgroup of these DIO rats was restricted to 60% of prior intake, their weights fell to chow-fed control levels over 2 wk. But their leptin and insulin levels both fell disproportionately to 30% of controls. When no longer restricted, their intake and feed efficiency rose immediately, and their body and RP pad weights and leptin and insulin levels rose to those of unrestricted DIO rats within 2 wk. Thus diet and genetic background interact to establish high (DIO) or low (DR) body weight set points, which are then defended against subsequent changes in diet composition and/or energy availability. If leptin affects energy homeostasis, it does so differentially in DIO vs. DR rats since comparably low and high levels were associated with differing patterns of weight change between the two phenotypes.

scholarly journals Antiobesity Activity of Elateriospermum tapos Shell Extract in Obesity-Induced Sprague Dawley Rats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Kokila Vani Perumal ◽  
Nor Liyana Ja’afar ◽  
Che Norma Mat Taib ◽  
Nurul Husna Shafie ◽  
Hasnah Bahari
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Triglyceride Accumulation ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Effective Result ◽  
Lipid Lowering Effect

Obesity is one of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, abnormal liver function, diabetes, and cancers. Orlistat is currently available to treat obesity, but it is associated with adverse side effects. Natural resources are widely used for obesity treatment. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity activity of Elateriospermum tapos (E. tapos) shell extract in obesity induced Sprague Dawley rats. The rats’ obesity was induced by a high-fat (HF) diet made up of 50% standard rat pellet, 20% milk powder, 6% corn starch, and 24% ghee and a cafeteria (CAF) diet such as chicken rolls, salty biscuits, cakes, and cheese snacks. A hot aqueous method for the extraction of E. tapos shells was applied by using 500 mL of distilled water for about 24 h. Various dosages of E. tapos shell extract (10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) were used. At the end of the study, body weight, caloric intake, organ weight, lipid profile, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, and histopathology analysis were carried out. E. tapos shell extract treated groups showed a reduction in body weight, positive lipid-lowering effect, decrements in triglyceride accumulation and LPL activity, and positive improvement in histopathology analysis. A dose of 200 mg/kg showed the most effective result compared to 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses.

The prophylactic potential of Zingiber officinale flowers and leaves extract to mitigate hyperglycemia in Sprague Dawley rats

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Tanweer ◽  
Tariq Mehmood ◽  
Saadia Zainab ◽  
Zulfiqar Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ammar Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hematological Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

Purpose Innovative health-promoting approaches of the era have verified phytoceutics as one of the prime therapeutic tools to alleviate numerous health-related ailments. The purpose of this paper is to probe the nutraceutic potential of ginger flowers and leaves against hyperglycemia. Design/methodology/approach The aqueous extracts of ginger flowers and leaves were observed on Sprague Dawley rats for 8 weeks. Two parallel studies were carried out based on dietary regimes: control and hyperglycemic diets. At the end of the experimental modus, the overnight fed rats were killed to determine the concentration of glucose and insulin in serum. The insulin resistance and insulin secretions were also calculated by formulae by considering fasting glucose and fasting insulin concentrations. Furthermore, the feed and drink intakes, body weight gain and hematological analysis were also carried out. Findings In streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats, the ginger flowers extract depicted 5.62% reduction; however, ginger leaves extract reduced the glucose concentration up to 7.11% (p = 0.001). Similarly, ginger flowers extract uplifted the insulin concentration up to 3.07%, while, by ginger leaves extract, the insulin value increased to 4.11% (p = 0.002). For the insulin resistance, the ginger flower showed 5.32% decrease; however, the insulin resistance was reduced to 6.48% by ginger leaves (p = 0.014). Moreover, the insulin secretion increased to 18.9% by flower extract and 21.8% by ginger leave extract (p = 0.001). The feed intake and body weight gain increased momentously by the addition of ginger flowers and leaves; however, the drink intake and hematological analysis remained non-significant by the addition of ginger parts. Originality/value Conclusively, it was revealed that leaves have more hypoglycemic potential as compared to flowers.

Effect of fluoride on the proteomic profile of the hippocampus in rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Pan ◽  
Peng Lü ◽  
Lijing Yin ◽  
Keping Chen ◽  
Yuanqing He
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Abstract Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to detect fluoride-induced alterations in the proteome of the rat hippocampus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=30) were subjected to treatments three weeks after weaning. Animals of the first group were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with aqueous NaF (20 mg/kg/body weight/day), the second group, injected with physiological saline, served as the control. After 30 days, the body weight of the fluoride-treated rats was lower than that of the control, and F– levels in serum were higher than in the control. The hippocampus was subjected to proteomic analysis, and the fluoride-treated group was found to contain 19 up-regulated and eight down-regulated proteins. The proteins, identified by mass-spectroscopic analysis of their fragments obtained after digestion, were found to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis, the insulin signaling pathway and various other crucial functions. Our results also provide useful information on the mechanism of the reduction of the learning ability and memory induced by F.

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