Unemployment and Imprisonment: Examining and Interpreting the Relationship in the Republic of Ireland

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciaran Mc Cullagh
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Irish Context ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

There is a tradition in the sociological study of punishment that emphasises the relationship between conditions in the economy, in particular the level of unemployment, and the numbers sent to prison. This paper examines this relationship in the Irish context using data from the period 1951 to 1988. It finds that the relationship only holds in the period from the late 1970s onwards. It suggests that an examination of why this relationship exists needs to look at the ‘vocabulary of motives’ used by key decision-makers in the criminal justice system, and in particular by the judiciary.

The Failure of Feminism? Rape Law Reform in the Republic of Ireland, 1980–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Molloy
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Bodily Integrity ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Rape Law ◽  
Rape Law Reform ◽  
The Republic

Based on Carol Smart's observation that rape law reform as lobbied for by the feminist movement during the 1970s and 1980s failed to achieve any meaningful change, this article seeks to examine the nature and implications of rape law reform in the Republic of Ireland from the 1980s to the present day. During the 1980s the conceptualization of rape changed from a proprietorial crime to a violation of individual bodily integrity due to feminist lobbying efforts and the emergence of a victim-centered approach in the criminal justice system. Though this changing conceptualisation has led to significant attitudinal change, particularly surrounding the issues of acquaintance and marital rape, procedural change has failed to secure higher conviction rates. In particular, this article demonstrates that the legal reforms achieved in the 1980s potentially resulted in a 2% decrease in rape conviction rates by 2007. When compared to England/Wales, conviction rates as distinctive from prosecution rates in Ireland remain chronically low. This indicates that any legal reforms must take account of the institutional bias ingrained the Irish criminal justice system against female rape complainants, which has continuing relevance for Irish legislation pertaining to sexual violence such as the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 2017. Overall this article suggests that rape is an exceptional crime and needs to be reassessed as such.

After the Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-396
Author(s):  
Paul H. Robinson ◽  
Muhammad Sarahne
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Collateral Consequences ◽  
Probation And Parole ◽  
Principles Of Justice

Although an offender’s conduct before and during the crime is the traditional focus of criminal law and sentencing rules, an examination of post-offense conduct can also be important in promoting criminal justice goals. After the crime, different offenders make different choices and have different experiences, and those differences can suggest appropriately different treatment by judges, correctional officials, probation and parole supervisors, and other decision makers in the criminal justice system. Positive post-offense conduct ought to be acknowledged and rewarded, not only to encourage it but also as a matter of fair and just treatment. This essay describes four kinds of positive post-offense conduct that merit special recognition and preferential treatment: the responsible offender, who avoids further deceit and damage to others during the process leading to conviction; the debt-paid offender, who suffers the full punishment deserved (according to true principles of justice rather than the sentence actually imposed); the reformed offender, who takes affirmative steps to leave criminality behind; and the redeemed offender, who out of genuine remorse tries to atone for the offense. The essay considers how one might operationalize a system for giving special accommodation to such offenders. Positive post-offense conduct might be rewarded, for example, through the selection and shaping of sanctioning methods, through giving preference in access to education, training, treatment, and other programs, and through elimination or restriction of collateral consequences of conviction that continue after the sentence is completed.

scholarly journals Mental health provision for young offenders: service use and cost

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Barrett ◽  
Sarah Byford ◽  
Prathiba Chitsabesan ◽  
Cassandra Kenning
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Young People ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Depressed Mood ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Young Offenders ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThe full costs of accommodating and supporting young people in the criminal justice system are unknown. There is also concern about the level of mental health needs among young offenders and the provision of appropriate mental health services.AimsTo estimate the full cost of supporting young people in the criminal justice system in England and Wales and to examine the relationship between needs, service use and cost.MethodCross-sectional survey of 301 young offenders, 151 in custody and 150 in the community, conducted in six geographically representative areas of England and Wales.ResultsMental health service use was low despite high levels of need, particularly in the community Monthly costs were significantly higher among young people interviewed in secure facilities than in the community ($4645 v. $ 1863; P < 0.001). Younger age and a depressed mood were associated with greater costs.ConclusionsYoung people in the criminal justice system are a significant financial burden not only on that system but also on social services, health and education. The relationship between cost and depressed mood indicates a role for mental health services in supporting young offenders, particularly those in the community.

The Relationship Between Experiences With the Criminal Justice System and Mental Health Outcomes Among Survivors of Homicide

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Milman ◽  
Joah L. Williams ◽  
Kaitlin Bountress ◽  
Alyssa A. Rheingold
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Homicide Survivors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Homicide survivors are at increased risk for mental health disorders, including depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and complicated grief (CG). Accordingly, this survey study examined how satisfaction with the criminal justice system (CJS) was associated with depression, PTSD, and CG among 47 homicide survivors. It also examined how satisfaction with specific aspects of the CJS related to satisfaction with the overall CJS. Satisfaction with the overall CJS was uniquely associated with depression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.16, 4.66]) while satisfaction with the police department was uniquely associated with CG (OR = 2.14; 95% CI [1.02, 4.47]). Satisfaction with having input into the CJS process and satisfaction with efforts devoted by the CJS to apprehend the perpetrator were uniquely related to satisfaction with the overall CJS (β = .49, p = .003 and β = .40, p = .007, respectively).

scholarly journals Tracing the Instances of Plea Bargaining in the Lithuanian Criminal Justice System

Teisė ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 130-143
Author(s):  
Simona Garbatavičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Penal Order

This Article aims to overview procedural grounds in the Lithuanian criminal justice system that relate to the concepts of simplified and negotiated justice, in particular to the concept of plea bargaining. Specifically, the research seeks to examine the procedures of simplified examination of evidence in court, accelerated proceedings and the procedure of penal order as foreseen in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Lithuania (hereinafter referred to as the CCP). This research aims to highlight similarities between the aforementioned procedures and the concept of plea bargaining.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREMPUAN KORBAN KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA DI KOTA JAMBI

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Ferdricka Nggeboe
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Protection Theory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Victims Of Violence ◽  
Husband And Wife

The marriage bond that is conducted aims to form a happy prosperous household, eternal and lasting under the protection of God Almighty, with the aim, automatically the family should be fostered as well as possible, mutual love and affectionate love between husband and wife and children . Each couple wishes for a harmonious married life, but not forever the condition of the household between husband and wife good and peaceful, because sometimes there are quarrels and bickering, which often leads to the occurrence of violence in the household that eventually happened to a percerarian. The legal policy issued by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to anticipate violence especially domestic violence is Law Number 23 Year 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence (PKDRT). This law is expected to reveal the various violations in the household and the protection of the rights of victims of violence without exception, therefore the question to be answered in this study is, How to protect the law against women victims of domestic violence in the criminal justice system in the City Jambi. This research uses empirical juridical type, and as its analysis knife the researcher uses legal protection theory, that is preventive law protection and repressive law protection. The emphasis of the analysis on the fact that repressive legal protection in the criminal justice system is reflected from the case reporting process until the case is decided by the judge in court. In addition to a brief overview of the process of domestic violence in the criminal justice system, there are also some judges' decisions on cases with free decisions and verdicts stating that the case was revoked. That the repressive legal protection of victims of domestic violence through the decision of a court of a criminal verdict has shown the comparison of law, although it is still far from the legal certainty.Keywords: Legal Protection Against Women, Domestic Violence Victims, Criminal Justice System

scholarly journals CONSTRUCTION OF CHILDREN UNDER 12 YEARS OF AGE IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW IN THE CHILD CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 252-260
Author(s):  
Eko Iswahyudi ◽  
◽  
I. Nyoman Nurjaya ◽  
Nurini Aprilianda ◽  
Bambang Sugiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic

In the Act No. 11 of 2012 about the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, it explains the age limit for juvenile criminal responsibility for those who commit criminal acts, as regulated in Article 1 point 3. The children between 12 (twelve) years old and 18 (eighteen) years old are suspected of committing a crime. The purpose of this study was to analyze the construction of the regulation of children under the age of 12 in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2021 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This type of normative legal research uses a statute approach and a case approach through a literature study. The results of the research on the Construction of Regulations for Children under the Age of 12 in Act Number 11 of 2021 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System as Children in Conflict with the Law. There is a need for additional rules or amendments to the provisions of criminal sanctions for children, where criminal sanctions will be given to children aged at least 10 years, where these rules consist of basic criminal sanctions, such as community service or supervision, job training, coaching in institutions. This sanction is carried out by considering the rights of children as perpetrators, children as victims and children as witnesses who are underage, without eliminating the implementation of applicable legal obligations.

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