The Quality of Local Institutions: The Case of Poland

2021 ◽  
pp. 088832542110297
Author(s):  
Magdalena Maria Michalak ◽  
Aleksandra Nowakowska ◽  
Elżbieta Antczak
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Institutional Capital ◽  
Territorial Differentiation

There is a growing consensus within both policy and academic circles, including various schools of political, legal, and economic thought, that institutions matter and that the quality of institutions and governments makes an important difference for economic development. However, while the institutional literature has extensively discussed different types of institutions and their importance, only a few quantitative measures of formal institutions and their quality are available. What is more, most analyses referring to the quality of public institutions concern the national or regional level and the issue at the local level is relatively understudied. The purpose of the article is to fill this gap in two ways. The first one is to identify territorial differentiation of the quality of public institutions at the local level in Poland; the second one, to explain the reasons of the differentiation of institutional capacities in the context of historical, cultural, and social factors. The research has shown that the quality of public institutions is highly related to historical circumstances. However, although their impact is strong, the historical conditions are definitely not the only factor influencing local institutional capital in Poland, as they appear to be deeply affected also by the level of urbanization and the degree of human capital.

Mafia infiltration, public administration and local institutions: A comparative study in Northern Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 540-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joselle Dagnes ◽  
Davide Donatiello ◽  
Valentina Moiso ◽  
Davide Pellegrino ◽  
Rocco Sciarrone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Different Types

Nuanced explanations of the factors underpinning the mafia’s movements across territories have recently been proposed. However, more light must be shed on the mechanisms through which mafiosi try to infiltrate the legal economy in non-traditional territories. Accordingly, this study aims to micro-found interactions and exchanges that mainly involve mafiosi, politicians and economic actors in expansion areas. Focusing on the local level, we will show how the misuse of several administrative tools generates a profitable opportunity structure for mafiosi. To this end, we present an in-depth comparative case study of three events involving the construction industry that took place in Northern Italy. The main findings show that: (i) mafiosi are skilled at smoothing social relations, enlarging and consolidating opaque networks predating their arrival; (ii) they give rise to different types of mutual exchanges and network structures.

scholarly journals Regional features of endocrinological pathologies among trained youth of Tomsk and Tomsk Region

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4(2)) ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
P. R. Alimbekova ◽  
Ye. B. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Medical Aid ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
Tomsk Region

Health of youth, is substantially defined by social factors, a way of life, an ecological situation, volume and quality of rendered medical aid. Ten years' dynamics (1999—2008) parameters of health trained youth of Tomsk and Tomsk Region characterized: growth of prevalence endocrinological pathologies on 20,9%, primary desease — on 46,8%. All this causes at a regional level to study structures endocrinological illnesses in view of influence of anthropogenous factors for realization of monitoring endocrinological health of youth.

scholarly journals Citizens or Consumers? Air Quality Sensor Users and Their Involvement in Sensor.Community. Results from Qualitative Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11406
Author(s):  
Michał Wróblewski ◽  
Joanna Suchomska ◽  
Katarzyna Tamborska
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Air Quality Data

This article presents the results of the qualitative research conducted on Polish users of the Sensor.Community network. Different types of motivation behind the decision to engage in the collection of air quality data are discussed. Users’ motives have been found to result predominantly from the concern for the health and safety of their loved ones, as well as the need to control air quality (and ultimately the quality of life) in their immediate environment (home and neighbourhood). Users do not display civic behaviour such as working for the local community. Three factors have been proposed to explain this status quo. First, the motives related to health and safety, as opposed to motives behind seeking a resolution to an environmental problem at the local level, may contribute to the solidification of individualistic attitudes. Second, Sensor.Community is organised in a way that does not promote a greater involvement from the network organisers in the development of the initiative and retention of users. Instead, the network focuses predominantly on the technical aspects of operation. Third, users have no sense of agency as, in our opinion, they remain largely unaware of the value of the data they collect.

scholarly journals Escalation of tuberculosis notification: an analysis of associated social factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Muhammad Miandad ◽  
Syed Nawaz-ul-Huda ◽  
Farkhunda Burke ◽  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Imran Khan
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Social Factor ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Core Requirements ◽  
Population Ratio

Abstract Studies have revealed that socioeconomic factors such as those pertaining to unmarried respondents, dependency, housing congestion and room sharing are associated with tuberculosis rates not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Karachi has been identified as one of the most vulnerable cities where the spread of TB is increasing with the passage of time. The purpose of the present study is to assess TB notification with reference to some social factors in order that the findings of this study may provide helpful information for guidance related to social and economic policy formulation, at least at the local level to combat and eliminate tuberculosis. The methodology was based on NTP registered patients’ data and social factor analysis data which were acquired through questionnaire survey from notified patients. The result pertaining to TB notification reveals an increasing trend during the last seven years from 2007 until 2013. The notification of female patients compared to that of males is high, which is evidence of the fact that women in Pakistan are more affected but a comparison of patients to the total population in the respective years i.e. the patient population ratio, reveals a decreasing trend. The findings of the study emphasize that the problem of TB control can be resolved expeditiously with the cooperation of the public sector, which should be motivated to meet the core requirements of the programme at various administrative levels and strongly enforced standards of quality of life.

scholarly journals Regional differentiation of selected conditions for the development of human and social capital in Czechia

Geografie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vít Jančák ◽  
Tomáš Havlíček ◽  
Pavel Chromý ◽  
Miroslav Marada
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Voter Participation ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Municipal Elections ◽  
Municipal Authority ◽  
Territorial Differentiation ◽  
Human And Social Capital

This article addresses the analysis of theoretical and methodological concepts of the quality of human and social capital and their relation to the theory of spatial polarisation. Selected conditions for the development of human and social capital and their territorial differentiation in Czechia are evaluated. On the basis of an evaluation of component indicators of human capital (the ratio of university educated residents in the population over 15 years of age as well as an economic burden index) and social capital (voter participation in municipal elections and the number of candidates divided by the number of offices to be filled in the 2006 municipal elections) problematic areas are identified at a micro-regional level (the network of municipalities having a certified municipal authority).

Improving the Organization of Work in the Polish Police

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Letkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Work Organisation ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Executive Staff ◽  
Use Of Resources

The article discusses the issues related to organizational changes in the Polish police, the role of the management and executive staff in the changes after the transformation after 1989. The author also presents a comparative analysis of the results of research on the quality of management information in the Polish police in 2002 and 2016. The analysis presented indicates that the Polish police still requires many changes, although many years have passed since the political transformation in 1989. The process of improving police work organisation should always be the main object of attention of the police management. Ensuring efficient and effective implementation of public tasks is one of the key problems of administration bodies, both on national and local level. The role of public institutions’ managers is to develop structure, processes, work organisation in order to fully satisfy citizens’ needs and optimise use of resources. According to the author, it is necessary to combine tactical tasks with police strategy. Organizational structures require constant development and more flexible solutions should be adopted. It seems that it is necessary, as in previous years, to establish a team which will prepare an analysis of the functioning of the Police organisation in a holistic way and indicate the directions of its improvement.

Estimates on poverty in Russia and the additional measures to reduce it at the regional level

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Sadykov
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Social Standard ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Sociological Studies

Subject. This article deals with the issues of social justice and a high quality of life, creating favorable economic and social conditions. Objectives. The article aims to assess the rate and changes in poverty in Russia and the Republic of Bashkortostan and develop complementary measures to reduce it. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of logical, comparative, economic and statistical analyses, the results of sociological studies, and official statistics. Results. The article highlights additional measures to reduce poverty in the region, including the establishment of a minimum social standard of living in each particular region that determines the poverty rate. Conclusions. Various factors, such as economic sanctions, economic slowdowns, territorial and regional imbalances, lead to living standards decline and poverty rise.

Determinants of regional and local development – their impact on socio-economic space

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Rejman ◽  
Roman Fedan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Rational Planning ◽  
Local Resource Management

Processes of the expected spatial socio-economic changes arise as a result of rational planning and continuation of development at regional and local level. A three-tier division ofthe local self-government creates opportunities for engagement of community in the rational planning model and local resource management, as well as usage of production factors; for socio-economic growth and improvement in the quality of life of the residents. The aim of the article is to show the functional structure and role of local government units in formation of regional and local policy toincrease economic growth, while maintaining the environmental protection requirements.

Enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from surface water concentrates by laser-scanning cytometry

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Zanelli ◽  
B. Compagnon ◽  
J. C. Joret ◽  
M. R. de Roubin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Laser Scanning Cytometry ◽  
Direct Microscopic Observation

The utilization of the ChemScan® RDI was tested for different types of water concentrates. Concentrates were prepared by cartridge filtration or flocculation, and analysed either without purification, or after Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) or flotation on percoll-sucrose gradients. Theenumeration of the oocysts was subsequently performed using the ChemScan® RDI Cryptosporidium application. Enumeration by direct microscopic observation of the entire surface of the membrane was carried out as a control, and recoveries were calculated as a ratio between the ChemScan® RDI result and the result obtained with direct microscopic enumeration. The Chemscan enumeration technique proved reliable, with recoveries yielding close to 100% in most cases (average 125%, range from 86 to 467%) for all the concentration/purification techniques tested. The quality of the antibodies was shown to be critical, with antibodies from some suppliers yielding recoveries a low as 10% in some cases. This difficulty could, however, be overcome by the utilization of the antibody provided by Chemunex. These data conclusively prove that laser scanning cytometry, which greatly facilitates the microscopic enumeration of Cryptosporidium oocysts from water samples and decreases the time of observation by four to six times, can be successfully applied to water concentrates prepared from a variety of concentration/purification techniques.

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