The Effects of State and Local Economic Incentives on Business Start-Ups in the United States: County-Level Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-187
Author(s):  
Mark Partridge ◽  
Sydney Schreiner ◽  
Alexandra Tsvetkova ◽  
Carlianne Elizabeth Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Labor Market Flexibility ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Start Ups

Even as economic incentives are increasingly used by policy makers to spur state and local economic development, their use is controversial among the public and academics. The authors examine whether state and local incentives lead to higher rates of business start-ups in metropolitan counties. Existing research indicates that start-ups are important for supporting (net) job creation, long-term growth, innovation, and development. The authors find that incentives have a statistically significant, negative relationship with start-up rates in total and for some industries including export-based and others that often receive incentives. The findings support critics who contend that incentives crowd out other economic activity, potentially reducing long-term growth. The authors also find that greater intersectoral job flows are positively linked to total start-ups, consistent with claims of those who advocate for policies that enhance labor market flexibility through reducing barriers to job mobility.

scholarly journals The status of small business growth and entrepreneurial start-up capital availability during the current extended economic downturn

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Lloyd J.F. Southern
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Good Decision ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Status ◽  
Small Business Growth ◽  
Start Ups

Since the 2007 and 2008 economic downturn in the United States and most other countries of the world, it has become difficult for small business and entrepreneurial start-ups to obtain funds for expansion and seed capital even if they are brave enough to attempt to grow their businesses or startups in the depressed widespread economic conditions. Different sources of possible funding are reviewed along with short and long term costs and benefits of each are discussed. Good decision making and wise choices are discussed and encouraged from a long term business success perspective

From Start-Up to Scale-Up

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Duruflé ◽  
Thomas Hellmann ◽  
Karen Wilson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
The United States ◽  
Smart Money ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Creation

This chapter examines the challenge for entrepreneurial companies of going beyond the start-up phase and growing into large successful companies. We examine the long-term financing of these so-called scale-up companies, focusing on the United States, Europe, and Canada. The chapter first provides a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges of financing scale-ups. It emphasizes the need for investors with deep pockets, for smart money, for investor networks, and for patient money. It then shows some data about the various aspects of financing scale-ups in the United States, Europe, and Canada, showing how Europe and Canada are lagging behind the US relatively more at the scale-up than the start-up stage. Finally, the chapter raises the question of long-term public policies for supporting the creation of a better scale-up environment.

Aspiring to Do All Things Through Him Who Strengthens? Quixotic Hope, Religiosity, and Mental Health in Emerging Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 215686932110085
Author(s):  
Laura Upenieks
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Educational Expectations ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
National Study ◽  
Health Consequences

Beliefs about the probability of educational success tend to be very optimistic in the United States. However, scholars are beginning to uncover mental health consequences associated with quixotic hope—the unrealistic outstripping of expectation by aspiration. Using longitudinal data from Waves 1 and 3 of the National Study of Youth and Religion, this study asks, (1) does religiosity promote or diminish the likelihood of quixotic hope? and (2) does religious attendance and closeness to God mitigate long-term mental health consequences of quixotic hope? Results show that weekly religious attendance had a modest negative relationship with the likelihood of experiencing quixotic hope, while increasing religious attendance over time attenuated the negative mental health consequences of quixotic hope on increases in depression. Closeness to God neither predicted quixotic hope nor played a moderating role for depression. As educational expectations rise, regular religious practice may help protect the emotional well-being of youth.

Breaking the Barriers: Strategies for a Comprehensive U.S. Tobacco Control Program

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elbert D. Glover ◽  
Deborah L. Albritton ◽  
Chris Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tobacco Control Program ◽  
Legal Market ◽  
Analysis Strategy ◽  
Critical Idea

Given the health and social consequences of tobacco, a policy analysis strategy consisting of three approaches; legal, market, and health education is presented. A unifying feature of the strategy recommendations is that each addresses both prevention of the initiation of tobacco habits and encouragement of cessation. Overall, the strategies focus exclusively on policy alternative initiatives oriented toward reducing the toll of smoking within the United States. The manuscript addresses the conflict that public policy must resolve between the long-term negative health effects and the short-term positive economic interests of tobacco. The critical idea is that policy makers must think beyond local efforts and recognize that they can be a part of a larger network movement working in different ways, yet cooperating for better effectiveness and support to decrease and ultimately stop the use of tobacco products.

scholarly journals Risk Taking and Start-up Capital: Exploring Gender differences in Uganda, through an International Comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Orobia ◽  
Gerrit Rooks .
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

This study sought to explain the gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour and startup capital in Uganda, comparing with other countries. The start-up capital of businesses run by females is ostensibly smaller than those run by males in Uganda and in any other country. A number of reasons have been forwarded to explain this variance. Some researchers have linked the size of start-up capital to the risk taking behaviour among other factors. However there is insufficient local or Ugandan empirical research into this difference, given that much of the empirical research are based on western data sets. Data for this study was from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2003. A causal research design was used to establish the relationship between risk taking attitude and start up capital. A comparative design was also employed to compare the findings of Uganda with other GEM countries, Chi-square tests, and a two way analysis of variances were used to analyse the data. There are gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour across all countries under study. However, the gender gap is wider in other countries than Uganda. On the whole, Uganda women are less risk averse as compared to those in other countries. The start-up capital requirement of Ugandan men is more than their female counterparts. In addition, Ugandan men invested more personal start up capital when they are risk averse. Among other recommendations, policy makers should sensitise females about viability of business start ups and encourage women access to ownership of property.

Capital Markets Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik PM Vermeulen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Markets ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Capital Markets Union ◽  
Successful Innovation ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
The Eu

The Capital Markets Union (CMU) aims to strengthen capital markets and investments in the EU. The rationale behind such a union is that it is necessary to provide businesses, particularly start-up companies, with a greater choice of funding at lower cost. More generally, it is assumed that, in the long-term, greater choice increases access to finance and fosters economic growth. This chapter argues that although the CMU may be a necessary step, it has to be situated in a much broader discussion about how to create successful innovation ecosystems. Such an approach highlights the sector-specific needs of start-ups (and scale-ups) and the importance of mobilizing other players, particularly established corporations.

Enterprise survival in the high-tech community: persuasion and power in board decisions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronit Yitshaki ◽  
Eli Gimmon ◽  
Susanna Khavul
Keyword(s):  
High Tech ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Board Size ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Board Processes ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

Purpose This study aims to examine the extent to which board size, the use of power by venture capital investors and entrepreneurs’ interpersonal tactics such as persuasion to sway board decisions, influence the long-term survival of start-ups. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative part is based on data collected from 179 chief executive officers (CEOs) of high-tech start-ups community financed by venture capitalists (VCs) in Israel of which 59 did not survive. To achieve a better understanding of these findings, semi-structured interviews with 12 entrepreneurs were conducted. Findings Smaller boards were positively associated with venture survival. The use of power by VC investors positively influenced start-up survival. CEO persuasion had a negative effect on venture survival; however, its interaction with board size suggests that it had a lesser effect on very small boards. Practical implications Although investors’ control over decision-making contributes to long-term survival, entrepreneurs should be aware of the possible detrimental effects of exercising a high level of persuasion in board processes. The findings also suggest that a small board size is preferable for start-up survival. Originality/value Exploring the effect of board processes on venture survival is considered complex. A unique sample of high-technology start-ups consisting of both surviving and failed start-ups was analyzed to explore the effects of persuasion and power in board processes.

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