scholarly journals Risk Taking and Start-up Capital: Exploring Gender differences in Uganda, through an International Comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Orobia ◽  
Gerrit Rooks .
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

This study sought to explain the gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour and startup capital in Uganda, comparing with other countries. The start-up capital of businesses run by females is ostensibly smaller than those run by males in Uganda and in any other country. A number of reasons have been forwarded to explain this variance. Some researchers have linked the size of start-up capital to the risk taking behaviour among other factors. However there is insufficient local or Ugandan empirical research into this difference, given that much of the empirical research are based on western data sets. Data for this study was from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2003. A causal research design was used to establish the relationship between risk taking attitude and start up capital. A comparative design was also employed to compare the findings of Uganda with other GEM countries, Chi-square tests, and a two way analysis of variances were used to analyse the data. There are gender differences with respect to risk taking behaviour across all countries under study. However, the gender gap is wider in other countries than Uganda. On the whole, Uganda women are less risk averse as compared to those in other countries. The start-up capital requirement of Ugandan men is more than their female counterparts. In addition, Ugandan men invested more personal start up capital when they are risk averse. Among other recommendations, policy makers should sensitise females about viability of business start ups and encourage women access to ownership of property.

The Effects of State and Local Economic Incentives on Business Start-Ups in the United States: County-Level Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-187
Author(s):  
Mark Partridge ◽  
Sydney Schreiner ◽  
Alexandra Tsvetkova ◽  
Carlianne Elizabeth Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Labor Market Flexibility ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Start Ups

Even as economic incentives are increasingly used by policy makers to spur state and local economic development, their use is controversial among the public and academics. The authors examine whether state and local incentives lead to higher rates of business start-ups in metropolitan counties. Existing research indicates that start-ups are important for supporting (net) job creation, long-term growth, innovation, and development. The authors find that incentives have a statistically significant, negative relationship with start-up rates in total and for some industries including export-based and others that often receive incentives. The findings support critics who contend that incentives crowd out other economic activity, potentially reducing long-term growth. The authors also find that greater intersectoral job flows are positively linked to total start-ups, consistent with claims of those who advocate for policies that enhance labor market flexibility through reducing barriers to job mobility.

scholarly journals Start-ups, job creation, and founder characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1672
Author(s):  
J David Brown ◽  
John S Earle ◽  
Mee Jung Kim ◽  
Kyung Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Team Size ◽  
Firm Age ◽  
Team Diversity ◽  
Graduate Degrees ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Founding Team ◽  
Firm Birth ◽  
Start Ups

Abstract Analyzing data on all US employers in a cohort of entering firms, we document a highly skewed size distribution, such that the largest 5% account for over half of cohort employment at firm birth and more than two-thirds at firm age 7. Analyzing linked survey-administrative data, we find that female, African–American, and younger founders are initially less likely to start large firms. The gender gap persists through firm age 7, while racial and age gaps do not. Education is positively associated with start-up size, except for graduate degrees. Prior entrepreneurship and founding team size are positively associated, but team diversity is not. Specifications with capital and industry controls illuminate roles of financial constraints and sectoral choice.

scholarly journals A study on effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheolwoo Park
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Social Concern ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Start Ups

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to show effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention. Currently, the long-term global economic crisis is accelerating, and the concerns for future uncertainties are spreading throughout our society. The ICT majors in Busan region are no exception so that business start-up is being considered as a new alternative to survive and grow in such uncertain environments at home or abroad. That is, business start-ups and entrepreneurship are being emphasized as a strategy that individuals can change not only one’s own life but also the fate of a region and even the destiny of a country. Design/methodology/approachFor this reason, the youth start-ups based on social networks and leadership have become the focus of our social concern along with the entrepreneurship that can actively cope with the ever-changing global environments. Thus, some of the major factors (i.e. innovation, enterprise and risk-taking) which should be considered when promoting the entrepreneurial intention of the ICT majors in Busan region have been researched, as well as the concept of entrepreneurship itself. FindingsThis demonstrates that young people will be able to successfully lead their start-up companies through their enterprising spirit, networks and leadership and learning with firm determination. Therefore, it is important to make such a network and leadership-based entrepreneurship become foundational in overcoming the long-term Korean economic depression; surviving in such an opaque situation; leading the growth and development of Busan region; and becoming the driving force for national growth, by developing the unique characteristics and strength of the students. Originality/valueIn this regard, this study will be useful for understanding the entrepreneurship of the ICT majors in Busan region more while contributing to the invigoration of a creative economy by studying the factors essential for the entrepreneurship and development of networks and leadership.

Entrepreneurial ecosystem for tech start-ups in Bangalore: an exploration of structure and gap

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1185
Author(s):  
Bala Subrahmanya Mungila Hillemane
Keyword(s):  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystem ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

PurposeBangalore has gained international recognition as a technology start-up hub for its vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem. Against this backdrop, this paper attempts to explore the structure and gap that exist with respect to the entrepreneurial ecosystem for tech start-ups in Bangalore.Design/methodology/approachA Delphi technique based four stage interaction with the experts/stakeholders belonging to different components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (as identified from the literature) in the context of Bangalore is conducted, to gather primary data. This enabled us to define the structure of entrepreneurial ecosystem and analyse the gap that exists between an ideal ecosystem feasible in the Indian context and that one that prevailed in Bangalore.FindingsThe prevailing entrepreneurial ecosystem for tech start-ups in Bangalore is significantly different (lower) relative to an ideal ecosystem feasible in the Indian economic environment, as prescribed by the Delphi experts, both at the aggregate level and at an individual component level. The step-wise (backward) logistic regression analysis revealed that Bangalore ecosystem is primarily lacking in terms of one of the Triple Helices, namely, role of education and research institutions, and two of the five indispensable components, namely, market maturity and mentorship.Research limitations/implicationsIt is essential to strengthen and promote the Triple Helix base and the five indispensable components in an entrepreneurial ecosystem, to accelerate the emergence and growth of tech start-ups.Practical implicationsIt brings out the nature of entrepreneurial ecosystem structure and the gap between what can be considered an ideal ecosystem and what prevails in Bangalore currently.Originality/valueThis is a primary data based study, which has value for regional policy makers in strategizing to promote Bangalore ecosystem, and for researchers in undertaking “ecosystem gap analysis”.

scholarly journals Key Criteria and Competences Defining the Sustainability of Start-Up Teams and Projects in the Incubation and Acceleration Phase

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Hudáková ◽  
Hana Urbancová ◽  
Lucie Vnoučková
Keyword(s):  
Resource Planning ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Start Up ◽  
New Business ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Questionnaire Research ◽  
Start Ups

This study investigates and identifies crucial and efficient competencies of start-up founders and new business leaders, together with the identification of crucial support provided by accelerator programs. These competencies are necessary as individuals and businesses increasingly focus on innovations, industry 4.0, and technologies. This requires an innovative set of entrepreneurs´ competencies to move businesses to the next level. The study gathered data by means of a quantitative questionnaire research and interviews conducted among start-up projects in accelerator programs over the past three years (2017–2019). In total, 158 start-ups were surveyed, and 38 successful teams were interviewed during this period. To analyze results, content analysis was used and Pearson’s chi-square test and the association test were employed using descriptive and two-dimensional statistics tools. The results identified key success criteria and competencies of successful start-up teams. These include knowledge of the ecosystem, resource planning and use, an ability to move from the initial stages, awareness of communication methods, and lobbying. Our findings are that key activities leading to the acceleration of projects are raising awareness among the target group, furthering the development of contacts, facilitating more efficient use of resources, and enabling the identification of barriers to the next phase of development and ways to remove them. The results may inspire other researchers to conduct studies under other conditions to further identify and understand these entrepreneurial competencies.

scholarly journals The gender gap in aversion to COVID-19 exposure: Evidence from professional tennis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249045
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Kowalik ◽  
Piotr Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Prize Money ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Country

We study the gender differences in aversion to COVID-19 exposure using a natural experiment of the 2020 US Open. It was the first major tennis tournament after the season had been paused for six months, held with the same rules and prize money for men and women. We analyze the gender gap in the propensity to voluntarily withdraw because of COVID-19 concerns among players who were eligible and fit to play. We find that female players were significantly more likely than male players to have withdrawn from the 2020 US Open. While players from countries characterized by relatively high levels of trust and patience and relatively low levels of risk-taking were more likely to have withdrawn than their counterparts from other countries, female players exhibited significantly higher levels of aversion to pandemic exposure than male players even after cross-country differences in preferences are accounted for. About 15% of the probability of withdrawing that is explained by our model can be attributed to gender.

My choices are better than yours! Gender differences in narcissistic start-up entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Leonelli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Start Up ◽  
First Results ◽  
Specialized Team ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Italian Sample ◽  
Better Than

PurposeThe paper explores the role of narcissism on entrepreneurs' decisions in terms of organizational choices, discussing gender differences. The aim relies in the influence that entrepreneurs' personality, capabilities and cognitive orientation have in the creation and management of start-ups.Design/methodology/approachAnalyzing an Italian sample of 207 entrepreneurs and using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and generalized linear model methods, the hypotheses were tested to understand whether and how narcissism affects Research and development (R&D) expenditure, patent ownership and the presence of a specialized team in organizations led by women and men entrepreneurs.FindingsDifferences in the management and organizational choices of narcissistic women entrepreneurs compared to their men counterparts emerged. First, results show that women entrepreneurs are less narcissistic than men. Second, gender is shown to moderate the effect of narcissism on the choice of having a qualified team in a start-up. Third, narcissistic women entrepreneurs were found to engage less in risk-taking activities, such as R&D expenditure, and to patent their ideas more than their male counterparts.Originality/valueThe study expands the existing literature by applying a gendered lens to entrepreneurs' narcissism to investigate whether they behave and manage their start-ups differently.

ATTITUDE TOWARDS ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION AND NEW VENTURE CREATION

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
LENA LEE ◽  
POH-KAM WONG
Keyword(s):  
New Ventures ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entrepreneurial Education ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Start Ups

Does an individual's positive attitude towards entrepreneurship education promote the growth of new ventures? It appears that it does. The empirical results presented in this paper support a prima facie claim that a relationship exists between attitude towards entrepreneurial education and business start-up. The aim of this paper is to investigate the hypothesised positive relationship between new venture founding and attitude towards entrepreneurial education (AEE). Limited if any research on new venture founding in the past has explored the contribution of AEE in business start-ups. A survey is carried out on a large sample (more than 15,000) of tertiary students residing in Singapore. In analysing the dataset, we have controlled for various factors in the regression analysis. Due to the limitations of our study, we are cautious not to assert any causal link between these 2 variables. The implications of the results to policy makers and educators are discussed along with suggestions for future research in order to refine our present understanding of these relationships.

Gender Gap in Mindfulness Assessment Among Italian Nurses: A Pilot Descriptive Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Elsa Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Mindfulness Skills ◽  
On Line ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Mindfulness Assessment ◽  
Acting With Awareness

"Purpose: The present study aimed to explore gender differences in the mindfulness tendency, specifically in the awareness and attention dimensions and also in the observing, describing, acting with awareness and accepting without judgement in Italian nurses. Methods: In June 2020 an on-line questionnaire was administered to nurses in order to analyze any differences both in the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS) according to gender variable. Findings: 200 questionnaires were collected. Findings showed significant higher MAAS total score in males than females (p=.004). Additionally, by considering the four sub dimensions in the Mindfulness tendency, females reported significant higher levels in some items of “Observe” (p=.004) and “Act with awareness” (p=.001) than males, while males reported significant higher scores in the “Accept without judgement” than females (p<.001). Conclusions: The present study was a pilot research on exploring gender differences in mindfulness in Italian nurses in order to hope that it will be only the beginning of empirical research on this topic and to better address future mindfulness training courses addressed to nurses by emphasizing certain aspects of mindfulness for females compared to males and vice versa."

scholarly journals Business advisory services and risk among start-ups and young companies: a gender perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kremel ◽  
Darush Yazdanfar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Start Ups

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the demand for business advisory services by owners of start-ups and young companies by taking a gender perspective. The study also examines whether risk-taking is more characteristic of masculine than feminine behaviour in this context. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review examines business advisory services and risk aversion from a gender perspective. The empirical data are derived from interviews with owners of more than 2,700 start-ups and young companies in Sweden. A number of key variables compare how the company owners (women and men) view business advisory services as a way to overcome risk and to gain access to information in networks. Several statistical tests are used to analyse these data. Findings – Women owners of start-ups and young companies use more and different business advisory services than men owners. There are differences among the men owners and women owners with regard to the amount of start-up capital, company size and industry sector. Given the risks associated with start-up, business advisory services are important to women in helping them reduce their risk in the start-up and early stages of their companies. Research limitations/implications – Companies in Sweden’s largest city, Stockholm, were not included in the sample. Financial data were not used as variables. Practical implications – Policymakers should address women owners’ greater demand for business advisory services in their companies’ early stages. Originality/value – This study’s originality is its gender perspective on the demand for business advisory services by start-ups and young companies and its challenge to previous findings about entrepreneurial behaviour and risk-taking.

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