Influence of Phosphatidylcholine on Lymphatic Absorption during Peritoneal Dialysis in the Rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Mactier ◽  
Ramesh Khanna ◽  
Zbylut J. Twardowski ◽  
Harold Moore ◽  
Karl D. Nolph
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
And Control ◽  
Concentration Ratios

The mechanism whereby i.p. administration of phosphatidylcholine increases net ultrafiltration and solute clearances after long-dwell exchanges is not established. We performed 4-h exchanges in rats using 4.25% dextrose dialysis solution with and without the addition of 50 mgl L phosphatidylcholine. Net ultrafiltration was enhanced in the treated rats (p < 0.005) by a reduction in cumulative lymphatic absorption (p < 0.01) and without a concurrent increase in total net transcapillary ultrafiltration during the dwell time. Likewise, urea and phosphate clearances with i.p. phosphatidylcholine were enhanced mainly by the increase in the drain volume since serum to dialysate solute concentration ratios did not differ significantly between the treated and control rats. Thus, phosphatidylcholine increases net ultrafiltration and solute clearances in the rat by decreasing lymphatic absorption and without increasing transperitoneal transport of water and solutes into the peritoneal cavity. The uptake of the india ink by the lymphatics of rats who received dialysis exchanges without phosphatidylcholine and the lack of uptake in rats treated with phosphatidylcholine are supported by this observation. Reduction in lymphatic absorption with the addition of phosphatidylcholine to the infused dialysis solution offers an alternative means of enhancing the efficiency of long-dwell peritoneal dialysis.

Results of Peritoneal Equilibration Test during Treatment with Polyglucose Dialysis Solution

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja E. Grzegorzewska ◽  
Danuta Antczak-Jȩdrzejczak ◽  
Magdalena Leander
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Control Period ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peritoneal Equilibration Test ◽  
Dialysis Unit ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Peritoneal Permeability

Background Results of peritoneal equilibration test (PET) suggest prolonged effect of polyglucose dialysis solution (PG-DS) on peritoneal permeability. Objectives An evaluation of dialysate-to-plasma ratio (D/P) of urea, D/P creatinine, and D/D0 glucose (ratio of dialysate glucose at designated dwell time to dialysate glucose at 0 dwell time), and mass transfer area coefficients (KBD) of these solutes in PET before introduction, during administration, and after discontinuation of PG-DS in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Design Single-center prospective study with PG-DS; retrospective selection of the control group. Setting Peritoneal dialysis unit in a university hospital. Patients Fourteen patients (11 males; age 45.1 ± 8.5 years) treated with CAPD for 17.5 ± 9.9 months. 7.5% PG-DS was used for the overnight exchange. After discontinuation of the PG-DS, standard dialysis solutions, as previously used, were reintroduced. The control group was selected to match both CAPD duration and peritoneal permeability of the patients in the PG-DS group at the start of the study. Methods Standard PET was carried out at 1.6 ± 0.8 months before the introduction of PG-DS (study period I, n = 14), after 1.2 ± 0.6 months’ use of PG-DS (study period II, n = 14), after 4.4 ± 0.8 months’ use of PG-DS (study period III, n = 11), after 8.8 ± 2.2 months’ use of PG-DS (study period IV, n = 9), and at 2.0 ± 0.6 months after PG-DS discontinuation (study period V, n = 11). Patients in the control group underwent PET at similar time intervals (control periods I – V). Results In the PG-DS group, a tendency toward increased peritoneal permeability for urea and creatinine was shown during the consecutive study periods. D/D0 glucose was significantly higher only in the PET performed during use of PG-DS (periods II – IV) compared to results obtained in period I. In the control group, both D/P and KBD of both urea and creatinine remained unchanged, but KBD glucose was higher in the first 2 hours of the PET in control period V compared to respective values in control period III. Conclusion Changes in peritoneal permeability are observed in CAPD patients treated with PG-DS. These changes may be at least partially related to the administration of polyglucose.

Transport of tracer albumin from peritoneum to plasma: role of diaphragmatic, visceral, and parietal lymphatics

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. H1549-H1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Zakaria ◽  
O. Simonsen ◽  
A. Rippe ◽  
B. Rippe
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Anterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Capillary Walls ◽  
Lymphatic Pathways

Using a technique to acutely seal off various parts of the peritoneal membrane surface, with or without evisceration, we investigated the role of diaphragmatic, visceral, and parietal peritoneal lymphatic pathways in the drainage of 125I-labeled albumin (RISA) from the peritoneal cavity to the plasma during acute peritoneal dialysis in artificially ventilated rats. The total RISA clearance out of the peritoneal cavity (Cl) as well as the portion of this Cl reaching the plasma per unit time (Cl⇢ P) were assessed. Under non-steady-state conditions, the Cl was fivefold higher than the Cl⇢ P. Evisceration caused a 25-30% reduction in both Cl⇢ P and Cl. Sealing of the diaphragm, however, reduced the Cl⇢ P by 55% without affecting the Cl. A further reduction in the Cl⇢ P was obtained by combining sealing of the diaphragm with evisceration, which again markedly reduced the Cl. However, the greatest reduction in the Cl was obtained when the peritoneal surfaces of the anterior abdominal wall were sealed off in eviscerated rats. The discrepancy between the Cl and the Cl⇢ P can be explained by the local entrance of fluid and macromolecules into periabdominal tissues, where fluid is rapidly absorbed through the capillary walls via the Starling forces, while macromolecules are accumulating due to their very slow uptake by tissue lymphatics under non-steady-state conditions. Of the portion of the total Cl that rapidly entered the plasma, conceivably by lymphatic absorption, 55% could be ascribed to diaphragmatic lymphatics 30% to visceral lymphatics, and only some 10-15% to parietal lymphatics.

Hyaluronan Preserves Peritoneal Membrane Transport Properties

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qun-Ying Guo ◽  
Wen-Xing Peng ◽  
Hui-Hong Cheng ◽  
Ren-Gao Ye ◽  
Bengt Lindholm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Transport ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fluid Absorption ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Background We have shown that intraperitoneal (IP) addition of hyaluronan (HA) in a single dwell study in rat could increase peritoneal fluid removal by decreasing the peritoneal fluid absorption rate. In this study, we investigated the impact of repeated use of HA on peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. Methods Twelve male Sprague–Dawley rats received a once-daily IP injection of 25 mL 4.25% glucose dialysis solution without (HP group, n = 6) or with 0.025% HA (HA group, n = 6) for 1 week. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, a 4 hour dwell using 25 mL 4.25% glucose dialysis solution with IP volume marker and frequent dialysate and blood samplings was performed in each rat as well as in rats that did not receive any injection (control group, n = 8). Results Although the IP volumes were significantly lower in the HP and HA groups compared to the control group, IP volume in the HA group was significantly higher than in the HP group. Net ultrafiltration at 4 hours was 5.6 ± 1.3 mL, 10.2 ± 1.8 mL, and 13.2 ± 0.6 mL for the H P, HA, and control group, respectively. The peritoneal fluid absorption rate decreased by 45% in the HA group compared to the HP group. There was no significant difference in peritoneal fluid absorption rate between the HA and the control group. No difference was found in the direct lymphatic absorption rate between the HP and HA groups [0.010 ± 0.003 mL/minute in the HP group and 0.011 ± 0.004 mL/min in the HA group] although they were both higher than that of the control group (0.004 ± 0.001 mL/min). The solute transport rates were in general significantly higher in the HP group compared to the HA and control groups, and there was no significant difference between the latter two groups, except that protein transport rate was significantly lower in the HA group compared to the control group. Conclusions The present study suggests that ( 1 ) repeated exposure to hypertonic glucose-based dialysis solution results in increased peritoneal solute transport rates, as well as increased peritoneal fluid absorption rates; and ( 2 ) these changes, reflecting a highly permeable peritoneal membrane, were ameliorated by repeated IP addition of hyaluronan. The similar changes in the direct lymphatic absorption rate in rats that received daily IP injection of dialysis solution suggest that direct peritoneal lymphatic absorption was not influenced by hyaluronan.

scholarly journals Role of peritoneal cavity lymphatic absorption in peritoneal dialysis

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Mactier ◽  
Ramesh Khanna ◽  
Zbylut J. Twardowski ◽  
Karl D. Nolph
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption

Clearance of Tracer Albumin from Peritoneal Cavity to Plasma at Low Intraperitoneal Volumes and Hydrostatic Pressures

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 497-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Zhu ◽  
Ola Carlsson ◽  
Bengt Rippe
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Free Fluid ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Essentially Normal ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
Tracer Distribution

Objective To assess the clearance of radiolabeled tracer albumin (RISA) from peritoneal cavity to plasma (CI → P) in rats under essentially “normal” conditions, that is, when intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure (IPP) is subatmospheric and the intraperitoneal (IP) “free” fluid volume (IPV) is low. Methods A volume of 0.3 mL of RISA was injected IP into anesthetized Wistar rats (wt = 300 g) when the IPV was approximately 2 mL (normal) or the IPV was approximately 10 mL, and IPP was either -1.8 mmHg (normal) or +1.5 mmHg (produced by an external cuff). Plasma samples (25 μL) were obtained repeatedly during the dwell, which lasted 30 300 min, after which the peritoneal cavity was opened to recover the IPV and residuallP RISA activity. The CI → P was assessed as the mass transfer of RISA into plasma, occurring per unit time,-divided by the calculated mean IP RISA concentration (CD). The interstitial RISA space was measured as the mass of RISA accumulated, per unit tissue weight, in peritoneal tissue samples divided by the CD. Results A markedly lower CI → P (2.47 ± 0.67 μL/min), as well as total RISA clearance out of the peritoneal cavity (CI), was found under “normal” conditions (an IPV of approximately 2 mL and an IPP of approximately -1.8 mmHg) compared to the situation during peritoneal dialysis (an IPV of approximately 20 mL and an IPP of +1 mmHg). Furthermore, the interstitial RISA space increased linearly over time even at negative IPPs and at an unchanging peritoneal interstitial fluid volume. At a low (normal) IPV the CI → P did not increase significantly with elevating IPP, and increased only marginally when tracer distribution was improved by artificial vibration of the rats. However the CI → P increased when larger volumes were infused to increase the totallPV. Conclusions It is concluded that the CI → P and CI at low IPPs and IPVs are not as high as during peritoneal dialysis. Increases in CI → P were, however, coupled to increases in IPV. This highlights the importance of the IPV per se and of a sufficient IP tracer distribution for direct lymphatic absorption to be efficient. This study was presented in part at the XVIth Annual Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., 1997 (33).

The Disappearance of Macromolecules from the Peritoneal Cavity during Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is Not Dependent on Molecular Size

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond T. Krediet ◽  
Dirk G. Struijk ◽  
Gerardus C. M. Koomen ◽  
Fransiscus J. Hoek ◽  
Lambertus Arisz
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Clearance Ratio ◽  
Dextran 70 ◽  
Dextran Clearance

The transport of macromolecules from the circulation to the peritoneal cavity is a size-selective restricted process, while the transport of these solutes from the peritoneal cavity is probably mainly by lymphatic absorption. If so, it should be independent of molecular size. Therefore, we studied with a clearance technique the disappearance of intra peritoneally administered inulin and polydisperse dextran 70 in nine continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients and compared the results with the simultaneously measured appearance clearance of serum proteins. Using gel permeation chromatography 18 dextran fractions with different molecular radii could be analyzed. Inulin clearance (2.94 mL/min) was higher than total dextran clearance (1.30 mL/min). The maximal dextran concentration in all dialysate samples was found in the 50.4 Å fraction. The clearances of the dextran fractions were the same for different molecular sizes. All disappearance clearances were higher than the appearance clearances: the protein/dextran clearance ratio ranged from 0.15 for albumin/36 Å to 0.04 for alpha2-macroglobulin/91 Å. This confirms that the appearance of a macromolecule, but not its disappearance is dependent on molecular size. It is concluded that the disappearance of macromolecules from the peritoneal cavity is mainly a size independent convective process, possibly by lymphatic uptake. This implies that total dextran 70 clearance can be used for measurement of lymphatic absorption in CAPD patients.

Role of Diaphragmatic, Visceral, and Parietal Pathways in Peritoneal Fluid Absorption in Rat Peritoneal Dialysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Kumano ◽  
Kimitoshi Go ◽  
Me He ◽  
Tadasu Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Fluid Absorption ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Major Route ◽  
Lymphatic Pathway

Assessment was made of the contribution of lymphatic and non lymphatic fluid absorption to net fluid loss from the peritoneal cavity. Diaphragmatic, visceral, and parietal pathways in lymphatics and nonlymphatics were examined using a rat model with adhesion of the diaphragm to the liver, evisceration, these two procedures in combination, and without treatment. In each of these cases, six rats were used, each dialyzed for 180 min with Krebs–Ringer solution. The peritoneal net fluid absorption rate (PNFAR) was determined based on the disappearance of 1251-bovine serum albumin (BSA) from the peritoneal cavity and the lymphatic absorption rate (LAR), was based on the appearance of this albumin in the blood. Seventy-eight percent of net fluid loss occurred via the non lymphatic pathway, primarily through parietal and visceral absorption, and the remaining 22% through the lymphatics, the main pathway being the subdiaphragmatic lymphatics. Nonlymphatic fluid absorption would thus appear to be a major route of fluid loss from the peritoneal cavity in rat peritoneal dialysis.

scholarly journals Sieving and reflection coefficients for sodium salts and glucose during peritoneal dialysis in rats.

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 1092-1100
Author(s):  
T W Chen ◽  
R Khanna ◽  
H Moore ◽  
Z J Twardowski ◽  
K D Nolph
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Peritoneal Cavity ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Peritoneal Membrane ◽  
Rat Serum ◽  
Cycle Times ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Sodium Sieving

The two-part studies reported herein address peritoneal membrane ultrafiltrate (UF) characteristics during peritoneal dialysis exchanges in rats. In the studies of part 1, the sieving coefficients for sodium, chloride, and total solutes during hydrostatic UF after instillation of rat serum into the peritoneal cavity of rats were calculated. Thirty-six rats were divided into six groups (N = 6) according to the following peritoneal dialysis exchange cycle times: 60, 120, 180, 240, 480, and 960 min. Thirty milliliters of pooled rat serum were infused i.p. with the animal being conscious except during infusion and drainage. The study showed in the early phase of exchanges, when oncotic and osmotic pressure gradients were absent, net UF presumably due to capillary hydrostatic pressure and sodium sieving during such UF. Sieving coefficients for sodium (0.72), chloride (0.77) and total solutes (0.73) were determined by using standard formulae. In the second part of these studies, the kinetics of fluid movement after the instillation of 5% dextrose solution into the peritoneal cavity of rats were analyzed. A very low UF rate was observed early in the exchange when the glucose gradient between the dialysis solution and blood was at its peak. The UF rate gradually increased as the sodium entered the dialysis solution from the blood. At the time of low UF rate with high glucose gradient, presumably the osmotic pressure generated by the glucose in the dialysis solution was countered by the osmotic pressure of solutes in plasma, i.e., sodium and its anions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Ca2+ Concentration in the Peritoneal Dialysis Solution Regulates Peritoneal Fibroblast Proliferation and Peritoneal Macrophage and Lymphocyte Cytokine Release

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 41-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Carozzi ◽  
Maria Grazia Nasini
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Peritoneal Fibrosis ◽  
Ifn Gamma ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis Solution ◽  
Uremic Patients ◽  
And Control

Peritoneal fibrosis remains one of the major causes of dropout In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), because it reduces ultrafiltration capacity. Since studies In vitro have demonstrated that cytoplasmic Ca2+ regulates the proliferation of most cell lines and the release of cytokines from immune cells, we evaluated In 8 uremic patients at the start of CAPD and in 4 control patients the effects in vitro of different peritoneal dialysis solution Ca concentrations (1, 1.25, 1.75, and 2 mmol/L) on peritoneal fibroblast (PF) proliferation, peritoneal macrophages (PMΦ), and peritoneal lymphocyte (Ply) release of interleukin-1 (11–1) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (cytokines which are known to induce PF proliferation), and cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in PF, PMΦ, and Ply. Results showed that in both the uremic and control patients, increasing the dose of Ca2+ In the medium induced a dose-dependent increase in PF proliferation and the release of IL-1 and IFN-gamma from PMΦ and Ply. Meanwhile, the cytoplasmic parameters PF, PMΦ, and Ply Ca2+ in the uremic patients were below normal; they exceeded the norm with a Ca2+ concentration of 1.75 and 2 mmol/L and were normal with a Ca2+ concentration of 1.25 mmol/L. These data suggest that In CAPD patients the use of a physiological Ca peritoneal dialysis solution (1 and 1.25 mmol/L) may be useful in reducing the proliferation of PF and the production of IL-1 and IFN-gamma thus preventing peritoneal sclerosis.

scholarly journals The influence of simvastatin in induced peritoneal fibrosis in rats by peritoneal dialysis solution with glucosis 4.25%

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilberto Baroni ◽  
Adriana Fátima Menegat Schuinski ◽  
Poliana Turmena Berticelli ◽  
Maria Angélica Alexandre da Silva ◽  
Denise Sbrissia e Silva Gouveia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peritoneal Fibrosis ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Dialysis Solution ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis Solution ◽  
And Control

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of using simvastatin on the peritoneal fibrosis induced in rats using peritoneal dialysis solution with glucoses 4.25%. METHODS: Prospective controlled study in 20 non-uremic Wistar rats. The animals received a peritoneal infusion of 10 ml/100 g of peritoneal dialysis solution glucose 4.25% on a daily basis. The animals were divided in two groups: experimental and control. The experimental group received simvastatin 4 mg/kg/d, by a gastric tube. The control group did not receive any drug. The follow-up was 21 and 49 days. At the end, one surgical procedure was performed to get histological samples of visceral and parietal peritoneum. The samples were analyzed using Hematoxylin Eosin and Sirius Red, to evaluate the severity of the fibrosis. RESULTS: The analysis showed that the intensity of the fibrosis, the peritoneal thickness and the cell number in experimental and control groups were not statistically significant different in experimental and control groups. CONCLUSION: The simvastatin do not decrease the intensity of fibrosis on the peritoneal membrane that happens on rats on peritoneal dialysis.

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