An Unrecognized Problem in Optimizing Antimicrobial Therapy: Significant Residual Volume Remaining in Intravenous Tubing With Extended-Infusion Piperacillin–Tazobactam

2021 ◽  
pp. 089719002110334
Author(s):  
Vincent Peyko

The fundamental process of medication therapy is that a medication is ordered, verified, and entirely administered to the patient. An unrecognized phenomenon across the antimicrobial landscape may be residual volume remaining within intravenous tubing, never getting to the patient. Evidence suggests that 40–60% of an antimicrobial may remain in the intravenous tubing. Across the globe, residual volume may be affecting thousands to millions of patients receiving antimicrobials each year. While residual volume may be profound for all antimicrobials, the challenges to remedy this problem are more imposing with extended-infusion administration techniques. The purpose of this article is to highlight residual volume as a potential problem in optimizing extended-infusion antimicrobial therapy with agents like piperacillin–tazobactam. Furthermore, to emphasize that recognizing this issue for antimicrobials and other medications is imperative for providers to assure every patient is receiving the medication ordered, in its entirety, to avert medication errors and optimize patient care.

Author(s):  
Muhammad Tahir Aziz ◽  
Toofeeq Ur Rehman ◽  
Sadia Qureshi ◽  
Kashif Sajjad

Background: Medication therapy management (MTM) continues to offer pharmacists the opportunity to use their knowledge, assist patients and caregiver in improving therapeutic outcomes, however the change is slow. Health information technology has been noted as an important driver in the success of MTM and has a potential role in improving therapeutic outcomes and reducing medication errors. Objective: This research aimed to design an integrated clinical pharmacist menu (CPM) software along with clinical decision support tools, optimizing MTM services and reducing medication errors. Methods: The integrated CPM software was designed abridged with decision support tools. A comparative study was conducted in a setting of integrated CPM software versus paper-based clinical pharmacy services (P-CPS) for the evaluation of MTM services. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and automated significant laboratory and medication alerts were analyzed for the improvement of MTM and impact on the identification and resolution of medication errors. Results: MTM improved after the application of the CPM software with a difference of 100% in “medication history generation” and “patient care plan,” with a reduction in medication errors by 39.8%. The identification of medication errors and verification of medication order significantly improved from 49% to 82% (p = 0.00) and from 4.5% to 7.0% (p = 0.00), respectively, in the CPM setting. The CDSS tool in the CPM software generated 730, 1802, and 198 auto alerts for “drug–drug interaction,” “inappropriate dose,” and “dose adjustment in an abnormal clinical laboratory test,” respectively, which improved the resolution and identification of medication errors. Conclusion: The CPM is user-friendly, which improved the MTM services. Medication error identification and resolution were significantly improved by the CPM software.


2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Neville ◽  
Larry Broadfield ◽  
Claudia Harding ◽  
Shelley Heukshorst ◽  
Jennifer Sweetapple ◽  
...  

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Pharmacy technicians are expanding their scope of practice, often in partnership with pharmacists. In oncology, such a shift in responsibilities may lead to workflow efficiencies, but may also cause concerns about patient risk and medication errors.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The primary objective was to compare the time spent on order entry and order-entry checking before and after training of a clinical support pharmacy technician (CSPT) to perform chemotherapy order entry. The secondary objectives were to document workflow interruptions and to assess medication errors.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This before-and-after observational study investigated chemotherapy order entry for ambulatory oncology patients. Order entry was performed by pharmacists before the process change (phase 1) and by 1 CSPT after the change (phase 2); order-entry checking was performed by a pharmacist during both phases. The tasks were timed by an independent observer using a personal digital assistant. A convenience sample of 125 orders was targeted for each phase. Data were exported to Microsoft Excel software, and timing differences for each task were tested with an unpaired <em>t </em>test.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Totals of 143 and 128 individual orders were timed for order entry during phase 1 (pharmacist) and phase 2 (CSPT), respectively. The mean total time to perform order entry was greater during phase 1 (1:37 min versus 1:20 min; <em>p </em>= 0.044). Totals of 144 and 122 individual orders were timed for order-entry checking (by a pharmacist) in phases 1 and 2, respectively, and there was no difference in mean total time for order-entry checking (1:21 min versus 1:20 min; <em>p </em>= 0.69). There were 33 interruptions not related to order entry (totalling 39:38 min) during phase 1 and 25 interruptions (totalling 30:08 min) during phase 2. Three errors were observed during order entry in phase 1 and one error during order-entry checking in phase 2; the errors were rated as having no effect on patient care.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Chemotherapy order entry by a trained CSPT appeared to be just as safe and efficient as order entry by a pharmacist. Changes in pharmacy technicians’ scope of practice could increase the amount of time available for pharmacists to provide direct patient care in the oncology setting.</p><p><strong>RÉSUMÉ</strong></p><p><strong>Contexte : </strong>Les techniciens en pharmacie élargissent leur champ de pratique, souvent en partenariat avec les pharmaciens. En oncologie, un tel changement dans les responsabilités pourrait conduire à une optimisation de l’organisation du travail, mais il peut aussi soulever des inquiétudes au sujet des risques pour le patient et des erreurs de médicaments.</p><p><strong>Objectifs : </strong>L’objectif principal était de comparer le temps passé à la saisie d’ordonnances et à la vérification de cette saisie avant et après avoir formé un technicien en pharmacie dédié au soutien clinique (TPDSC) à la saisie d’ordonnances de chimiothérapie. Les objectifs secondaires étaient de répertorier les interruptions de travail et d’évaluer les erreurs de médicaments.</p><p><strong>Méthodes : </strong>La présente étude observationnelle avant-après s’est intéressée à la saisie d’ordonnances de  chimiothérapie pour les patients ambulatoires en oncologie. La saisie d’ordonnances était réalisée par des pharmaciens avant le changement de procédé (phase 1), puis, après le changement (phase 2), un TPDSC en avait la responsabilité. Un pharmacien vérifiait la saisie d’ordonnances au cours des deux phases. Les tâches étaient chronométrées par un observateur indépendant à l’aide d’un assistant numérique personnel. Un échantillon de  commodité de 125 ordonnances était souhaité pour chaque phase. Les données ont été consignées dans un tableur Excel de Microsoft et les écarts de temps pour chaque tâche ont été évalués à l’aide d’un test <em>t </em>pour échantillons indépendants.</p><p><strong>Résultats : </strong>Au total, on a chronométré le temps de saisie pour 143 ordonnances à la phase 1 (pharmacien), puis de 128 ordonnances pour la phase 2 (TPDSC). Le temps total moyen nécessaire pour saisir une ordonnance était plus long au cours de la phase 1 (1 min 37 s contre 1 min 20 s; <em>p </em>= 0,044). Au total, on a chronométré la vérification (réalisée par un pharmacien) de saisie pour 144 ordonnances à la phase 1 et 122 ordonnances à la phase 2. Aucune différence notable n’a été relevée dans le temps total moyen de vérification (1 min 21 s contre 1 min 20 s; <em>p </em>= 0,69). On a dénombré 33 interruptions sans lien à la saisie d’ordonnances (totalisant 39 min 38 s) au cours de la phase 1 et 25 interruptions (totalisant 30 min et 8 s) durant la phase 2. Trois erreurs à la saisie d’ordonnances ont été observées pendant la phase 1 et une erreur à la vérification de la saisie d’ordonnances pendant la phase 2; ces erreurs ont été jugées sans effet sur les soins aux patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions : </strong>La saisie d’ordonnances de chimiothérapie par un TPDSC formé semblait être tout aussi sûre et efficiente que si elle était réalisée par un pharmacien. Les changements apportés au champ de pratique des techniciens en pharmacie pourraient accroître le temps dont disposent les pharmaciens pour prodiguer des soins directs aux patients en oncologie.</p>


1995 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. P57-P58
Author(s):  
Michael D. Poole

Educational objectives: To evaluate the relative efficacy of the myriad newly released antibiotics and to prescribe antibiotics with greater appreciation of factors contributing to successful outcome and better patient care.


2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amie Jo Digatono

Objective: To describe Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services in Minnesota, quantifying how many patient encounters occur per week and compiling provider and practice site characteristics. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Minnesota practice sites surveyed in June and July 2010. Participants: MTM providers in Minnesota who are registered users of the Assurance™ documentation system or are members of the Minnesota Pharmacists Association MTM Academy. Intervention: Self-administered online questionnaire completed by study participants. Main Outcome Measures: The number of patient encounters per week, practice site location, practitioner length of time as a MTM service provider, and the motivating factors for providing direct patient care services. Results: There were 56 respondents, reporting a median of 5 MTM patient encounters per week (range 0 to 35) and a median length of service of 4 years (range15). Clinic-based practices were reported by 66% of providers and community pharmacy-based practices by 30%. Eighty-five percent practice in an urban setting, 9% in a large rural town and 6% in a small rural town. Nearly half (46%) of providers are the sole practitioner at their site. The most commonly cited motivation for providing direct patient care services was to improve patient outcomes. Conclusion: MTM service providers in Minnesota were more likely to report practicing in an urban area and in a clinic. Many practices were low-volume or newly established, with half of all respondents reporting 5 or fewer MTM patient encounters per week and a length of service of four years or less. Type: Student Project


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 745-750
Author(s):  
Bushan Kumar GG ◽  
Jyothi Singamsetty ◽  
Rajasekhar K V ◽  
Sahitya Meda

Clinical pharmacy services are the services provided by the pharmacists to promote patient care, optimizes medication therapy, promote health and disease prevention. This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in tertiary care hospital over a period of 6 months. This collected data is checked for their appropriateness of any prescription related errors and DRPs were identified. Results obtained were assessed to determine the influence of Clinical pharmacist services. Majority of the prescriptions were with 5-9(62.5%) drugs. The majority of co-morbidities among 125 enrolled patients in age group of 60-70, 55 patients were with 3-4 co-morbidities. Among 125 prescriptions around 12 prescriptions were identified with 622 drug interactions. Among 125 patients 2 (0.277) adverse drug reactions were observed and according to Naranjo's probability assessment scale these adverse drug reactions were mild and 15(2.08%) dispensing errors, 10(1.386%) prescription errors where majority of prescription errors are due to missed written frequencies in the prescriptions. 5(0.693%) administration errors, 5 (0.693%)untreated indications were observed. Presence of clinical pharmacist in hospital settings can reduce drug related problems and they can assist other staff in improving patient care.


2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Schommer ◽  
Katerina Goncharuk ◽  
Andrea L. Kjos ◽  
Marcia M. Worley ◽  
James A. Owen

Questions within and outside of the pharmacy profession frequently arise about a community pharmacy's capacity to provide patient-care services and maximize contributions to public health. It is surmised that community pharmacy locations must possess specific attributes and have identifiable resources within the location to effectively initiate and optimize their capacity to deliver patient care services in conjunction with medication distribution and other services. The purpose of this paper is to describe three research domains that can help pharmacies make the transition from "traditional" business models to "patient care centered" practices: (1) Work System Design, (2) Entrepreneurial Orientation, and (3) Organizational Flexibility. From these research domains, we identified 21 Work System Design themes, 4 dimensions of Entrepreneurial Orientation, and 4 types of Organizational Flexibility that can be used in combination to assist a practice location in transforming its business model to a "patient care centered" practice. The self-assessment tools we described in this paper could help realign an organization's activities to initiate and optimize capacity for patient care.   Type: Idea Paper


2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 748-752
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Leady ◽  
Ann L. Adams ◽  
Janice L. Stumpf ◽  
Burgunda V. Sweet

In recent years, many drug shortages have compromised patient care. Drug shortages can lead to altered therapeutic outcomes, increased risk of medication errors, and increased medical costs. This article presents one hospital's successful algorithm for managing medication shortages. Methods included drafting a shortage policy and procedure; identifying a primary contact person to assess the impact of the shortage; identifying appropriate clinicians to perform research; establishing references for identification of alternative agents; and promptly communicating with and disseminating shortage information to appropriate individuals.


2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangil Seo ◽  
Diana Altshuler ◽  
Yanina Dubrovskaya ◽  
Mark E. Nunnally ◽  
Catherine Nunn ◽  
...  

Background: Midline catheters (MCs) have arisen as alternatives to peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) for both general intravenous therapy and extended outpatient parenteral therapy. However, there is a lack of data concerning the safety of medication therapy through midline for extended durations. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of MCs for extended intravenous use. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating patients who received intravenous therapy through an MC at a tertiary care academic medical center. The primary end point was the incidence of composite catheter-related adverse events that included local events, catheter dislodgment, infiltration, catheter occlusion, catheter-related venous thromboembolism, extravasation, and line-associated infection. Results: A total of 82 MC placements and 50 PICC placements were included; 50 MCs were for outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy, and 32 were for inpatient intravenous use. There were 21 complications per 1000 catheter-days in the outpatient group and 7 complications per 1000 catheter-days in the PICC group ( P = 0.91). The median time to complication in both groups was 8 days. The antimicrobial classes commonly associated with complications were cephalosporins, carbapenems, and penicillins. Conclusion and Relevance: Our results suggest that intravenous therapy with MCs is generally safe for prolonged courses that do not exceed 14 days as compared with PICC lines, which can be placed for months. There is still limited evidence for the use of MCs between 14 and 28 days of therapy. This study can help guide our selection of intravenous catheters for the purpose of outpatient antimicrobial therapy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Castelli ◽  
Jennifer L. Bacci ◽  
Sarah Krahe Dombrowski ◽  
Maria Osborne ◽  
Aaron Difilippo ◽  
...  

Background and Objectives: Pharmacist inclusion in patient-centered medical home (PCMH) teams has been shown to benefit both patients and practices. However, pharmacists’ inclusion on these teams is not widespread, partly because the work they do is not well known. The Successful Collaborative Relationships to Improve PatienT care (SCRIPT) project was started in August 2009 to understand the clinical and economic impact of pharmacists providing direct patient care. The objective of this study was to describe the work of pharmacists practicing as integrated members of the patient care team within PCMHs through retrospective analysis of their patient care documentation over a 4-year time frame. Two pharmacists were placed into four suburban medical home practices in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to perform comprehensive medication management (CMM). These pharmacists documented their CMM encounters in an electronic health record and a database for reporting purposes. Methods: This study is a retrospective, descriptive analysis of pharmacist-documented CMM encounters from February 2010 through February 2014. Pharmacists’ work—including patient demographics, disease states, and medication therapy problems—was recorded in a Microsoft Access database and tabulated. Results: The pharmacists conducted 11,206 CMM encounters with 3,777 unique patients during the study period. The pharmacists identified 9,375 medication therapy problems (MTPs) and performed 14,092 interventions. Pharmacists most commonly worked with patients with diabetes, hypertension, pain, and hyperlipidemia. Physician and patient acceptance of the pharmacists’ work was high. Conclusions: Pharmacists working in family medicine offices contribute to patient care through identification and resolution of MTPs and also by collaborating with PCMH teams.


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