Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horses Presented for Routine Dental Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Molly Rice ◽  
Travis Henry ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Kaitlyn James
Keyword(s):  
Dental Care ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

The main objective of the study was to determine the frequency of detection of selected infectious respiratory viruses and bacteria in healthy horses presented over a 12-month period for routine dental care at 2 veterinary hospitals. Nasal secretions were collected from 579 horses and tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5), equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis A and B viruses (ERAV, ERBV), Streptococcus equi subspecies equi ( S equi), S equi subspecies zooepidemicus ( S zooepidemicus), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using routine diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. True respiratory pathogens (EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, ERBV, and MRSA) were detected in 129 (22%) of the horses. Commensal respiratory pathogens (EHV-2, EHV-5, and S zooepidemicus) were detected in 515 (89%) of the study horses. ERAV and S equi were not detected in any of the study horses. The horses showed statistical differences between the 2 veterinary hospitals in regard to breed, age, presence of nasal discharge, rectal temperature, and detection of true and commensal respiratory pathogens. The data generated from the present study supports the risk for the transmission of true and commensal respiratory pathogens from subclinical shedders to susceptible horses. Equine veterinarians performing routine dental care should engage in routine biosecurity practices, with the goal to reduce disease spread.

Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (12) ◽  
pp. 385-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Kaitlyn James ◽  
Samantha Mapes ◽  
Farifield Bain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Nasal Secretions

ContextDue to the inconsistent development of enteric signs associated with ECoV infection in adult horses, many practitioners collect nasal secretions rather than feces for the molecular diagnostic work-up of such horses.Main conclusionECoV infection should be considered in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, especially when nasal discharge is absent as one of the cardinal clinical sign.ApproachA total of 277 adult horses with acute onset of fever were enrolled in this study. Feces were tested for ECoV and nasal secretions for common respiratory pathogens (equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1, EHV-4, equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis viruses (ERVs) and Streptococcus equi ss. equi) and ECoV by qPCR. Each submission was accompanied by a questionnaire requesting information pertaining to signalment, use, recent transportation, number of affected horses on the premise and presence of clinical signs at the time of sample collection.ResultsThe total number of horses testing qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces was 20 (7.2%), 4 of which also tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in nasal secretions. In the same population 9.0% of horses tested qPCR-positive for EHV-4, 6.1% for EIV, 4.3% for Streptococcus equi ss. equi, 3.2% for ERVs and 0.7% for EHV-1. Draft horses, pleasure use, multiple horses affected on a premise and lack of nasal discharge were significantly associated with ECoV qPCR-positive horses.InterpretationThe present study results showed that 7.2% of horses with acute onset of fever tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces, highlighting the importance of testing such horses for ECoV in feces. The various prevalence factors associated with ECoV qPCR-positive status likely relate to the high infectious nature of ECoV and breed-specific differences in management and husbandry practices.Significance of findingsECoV infection should be suspected and tested for in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, lethargy and anorexia with no respiratory signs. A two-step approach should be consider in which respiratory secretions and feces should be collected from such horses and submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. If the respiratory secretions test negative by qPCR for a panel of respiratory pathogens, feces already submitted to the laboratory should be tested for ECoV.

scholarly journals An Overview of Equine Influenza in South America

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 888
Author(s):  
Cecilia Olguin-Perglione ◽  
María Edith Barrandeguy
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
South American ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Manufacturer ◽  
Gene Level ◽  
Control Procedures

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of horses as outbreaks of the disease lead to significant economic losses worldwide. In this review, we summarize the information available on equine influenza (EI) in South America. In the region, the major events of EI occurred almost in the same period in the different countries, and the EIV isolated showed high genetic identity at the hemagglutinin gene level. It is highly likely that the continuous movement of horses, some of them subclinically infected, among South American countries, facilitated the spread of the virus. Although EI vaccination is mandatory for mobile or congregates equine populations in the region, EI outbreaks continuously threaten the equine industry. Vaccine breakdown could be related to the fact that many of the commercial vaccines available in the region contain out-of-date EIV strains, and some of them even lack reliable information about immunogenicity and efficacy. This review highlights the importance of disease surveillance and reinforces the need to harmonize quarantine and biosecurity protocols, and encourage vaccine manufacturer companies to carry out quality control procedures and update the EIV strains in their products.

scholarly journals Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3006
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Kaitlyn James ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Eric Delwart
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nasal Fluid

Three newly identified equine parvoviruses (equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus CSF (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (Eqcopivirus)) have recently been discovered in horses with respiratory signs. However, the clinical impact of these three equine parvoviruses has yet to be determined. Nasal fluid samples and blood from 667 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs submitted to a diagnostic laboratory were analyzed for the presence of common equine respiratory pathogens (equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus-1/-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus, S. equi subspecies equi) as well as EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus by qPCR. An additional 87 clinically healthy horses served as controls. One hundred and seventeen sick horses tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the three parvoviruses. Co-infections with common respiratory pathogens and parvoviruses were seen in 39 sick equids. All 87 clinically healthy horses tested qPCR-negative for all tested common respiratory pathogens and 10 healthy horses tested qPCR-positive for one of the equine parvoviruses. When the frequency of detection for EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus of equids with respiratory signs was compared to that of clinically healthy horses, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the three recently identified equine parvoviruses do not contribute to the clinical picture of equids with respiratory disease.

Protein expression changes in cells inoculated with Equine Influenza Virus: antibody microarray analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
W. Rozek ◽  
M. Kwasnik ◽  
J.F. Zmudzinski
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
Antibody Microarray ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Microarray Technique ◽  
In Cells

AbstractChanges in the level of cellular proteins in cells inoculated with equine influenza virus H7N7 and H3N8 were studied with microarray technique. H3N8 induced pro-apoptotic proteins while H7N7 induced both pro- as well as anti-apoptotic factors. The higher level of some cytoskeleton components and proteins involved in the protein quality control was recorded. Relatively high number of proteins involved in the regulation of transcription was down-regulated. The pattern of changes observed for H7N7 and H3N8 may reflect differences in the biological properties of both serotypes.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS IN NON-VACCINATED EQUINES FROM THE BRAZILIAN PANTANAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Gaíva E Silva ◽  
Alice Mamede Costa Marques Borges ◽  
Eliana Monteforte Cassaro Villalobos ◽  
Maria do Carmo Custodio Souza Hunold Lara ◽  
Elenice Maria Siquetin Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Spatial Autoregressive ◽  
Anemia Virus

The prevalence of antibodies against Equine Influenza Virus (EIV) was determined in 529 equines living on ranches in the municipality of Poconé, Pantanal area of Brazil, by means of the hemagglutination inhibition test, using subtype H3N8 as antigen. The distribution and possible association among positive animal and ranches were evaluated by the chi-square test, spatial autoregressive and multiple linear regression models. The prevalence of antibodies against EIV was estimated at 45.2% (95% CI 30.2 - 61.1%) with titers ranging from 20 to 1,280 HAU. Seropositive equines were found on 92.0% of the surveyed ranches. Equine from non-flooded ranches (66.5%) and negativity in equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (61.7%) were associated with antibodies against EIV. No spatial correlation was found among the ranches, but the ones located in non-flooded areas were associated with antibodies against EIV. A negative correlation was found between the prevalence of antibodies against EIV and the presence of EIAV positive animals on the ranches. The high prevalence of antibodies against EIV detected in this study suggests that the virus is circulating among the animals, and this statistical analysis indicates that the movement and aggregation of animals are factors associated to the transmission of the virus in the region.

Equine Influenza Virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Myers ◽  
W. David Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza
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