Frequency of molecular detection of equine coronavirus in faeces and nasal secretions in 277 horses with acute onset of fever

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (12) ◽  
pp. 385-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Kaitlyn James ◽  
Samantha Mapes ◽  
Farifield Bain
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Nasal Secretions

ContextDue to the inconsistent development of enteric signs associated with ECoV infection in adult horses, many practitioners collect nasal secretions rather than feces for the molecular diagnostic work-up of such horses.Main conclusionECoV infection should be considered in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, especially when nasal discharge is absent as one of the cardinal clinical sign.ApproachA total of 277 adult horses with acute onset of fever were enrolled in this study. Feces were tested for ECoV and nasal secretions for common respiratory pathogens (equine herpesvirus (EHV)-1, EHV-4, equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis viruses (ERVs) and Streptococcus equi ss. equi) and ECoV by qPCR. Each submission was accompanied by a questionnaire requesting information pertaining to signalment, use, recent transportation, number of affected horses on the premise and presence of clinical signs at the time of sample collection.ResultsThe total number of horses testing qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces was 20 (7.2%), 4 of which also tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in nasal secretions. In the same population 9.0% of horses tested qPCR-positive for EHV-4, 6.1% for EIV, 4.3% for Streptococcus equi ss. equi, 3.2% for ERVs and 0.7% for EHV-1. Draft horses, pleasure use, multiple horses affected on a premise and lack of nasal discharge were significantly associated with ECoV qPCR-positive horses.InterpretationThe present study results showed that 7.2% of horses with acute onset of fever tested qPCR-positive for ECoV in feces, highlighting the importance of testing such horses for ECoV in feces. The various prevalence factors associated with ECoV qPCR-positive status likely relate to the high infectious nature of ECoV and breed-specific differences in management and husbandry practices.Significance of findingsECoV infection should be suspected and tested for in horses presenting with acute onset of fever, lethargy and anorexia with no respiratory signs. A two-step approach should be consider in which respiratory secretions and feces should be collected from such horses and submitted to a diagnostic laboratory. If the respiratory secretions test negative by qPCR for a panel of respiratory pathogens, feces already submitted to the laboratory should be tested for ECoV.

Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horses Presented for Routine Dental Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-93
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Molly Rice ◽  
Travis Henry ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Kaitlyn James
Keyword(s):  
Dental Care ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

The main objective of the study was to determine the frequency of detection of selected infectious respiratory viruses and bacteria in healthy horses presented over a 12-month period for routine dental care at 2 veterinary hospitals. Nasal secretions were collected from 579 horses and tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV-1, EHV-2, EHV-4, EHV-5), equine influenza virus (EIV), equine rhinitis A and B viruses (ERAV, ERBV), Streptococcus equi subspecies equi ( S equi), S equi subspecies zooepidemicus ( S zooepidemicus), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using routine diagnostic quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. True respiratory pathogens (EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, ERBV, and MRSA) were detected in 129 (22%) of the horses. Commensal respiratory pathogens (EHV-2, EHV-5, and S zooepidemicus) were detected in 515 (89%) of the study horses. ERAV and S equi were not detected in any of the study horses. The horses showed statistical differences between the 2 veterinary hospitals in regard to breed, age, presence of nasal discharge, rectal temperature, and detection of true and commensal respiratory pathogens. The data generated from the present study supports the risk for the transmission of true and commensal respiratory pathogens from subclinical shedders to susceptible horses. Equine veterinarians performing routine dental care should engage in routine biosecurity practices, with the goal to reduce disease spread.

scholarly journals Cerebellar peduncle abscess secondary to disseminated strangles in a six-week-old miniature foal

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Brianne Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Abscess Formation ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebellar Peduncle ◽  
The Right

During a strangles outbreak within a herd of minature horses, a six week old foal developed acute onset clinical signs of sepsis and neurological deficits. The foal was euthanized and submitted for post-mortem at the Animal Health Laboratories, Guelph Ontario. Gross <em>post-mortem</em> examination noted severe bronchopneumonia, hypopyon of the right eye and a singular cerebellar peduncle abscess. Culture of the lungs and cerebellum produced a pure growth of <em>Streptococcus equi</em> ssp. <em>equi</em>. <em>Streptococcus equi</em> ssp. <em>equi</em>, the causative agent of equine strangles, produces an acute pyrexia, purulent lymphadenopathy of submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Commonly, lymph node abscesses rupture and resolve without complication. Rarely, complications may include: dissemination of the bacteria with diffuse abscess formation, immune mediated disease (purpura haemorrhagica), rarely abscess formation within the central nervous system (CNS) can occur. These can be managed medically with appropriate antibiotics and drugs to reduce intra-cranial pressure, however surgical drainage and debulking of the abscess has been attempted successfully in a few cases.

scholarly journals Clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of outbreaks of bluetongue disease in sheep in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1443-1452
Author(s):  
Ronaldo M. Bianchi ◽  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Tatiane C. Faccin ◽  
Gisane L. de Almeida ◽  
Juliana F. Cargnelutti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Area At Risk ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Facial Swelling

ABSTRACT: This article describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological aspects of 17 outbreaks of bluetongue (BT) disease in sheep occurring between December 2014 and July 2015 in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), southern Brazil. Affected farms were visited for clinical examination, necropsy, sample collection and epidemiological investigation. The outbreaks were seasonal and occurred during the summer and autumn. A total of 180 sheep (20.4%) out of 884 in 17 small herds were affected. All ages of Texel and mixed breed sheep were affected. However, lambs (younger than one year) had higher morbidity than adult sheep. The most frequent clinical signs were anorexia, lethargy, loss of body condition, facial swelling mainly involving the lips, and greenish seromucous or mucous nasal discharge. Pulmonary lesions characterized by edema were the most prevalent findings; however, erosive and ulcerative lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, as well as cardiac, skeletal muscle and esophageal striated muscle necrosis, and hemorrhage in the pulmonary artery were also frequent. The bluetongue virus (BTV) genome was detected by RT-PCR in blood and tissue samples (spleen and lungs) of 21 animals from 17 outbreaks. The virus involved in the outbreak 3 was subsequently isolated and shown to belong to serotype 17, for the first time reported in Brazil. In summary, our data support the BTV genotype 17 as the etiological agent of the outbreaks and indicate that the central region of RS is an area at risk for BT in sheep, a disease previously not recognized in the region.

Phenotypes Associated with 16p11.2 Copy Number Gains and Losses at a Single Institution

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-648
Author(s):  
Caleb Chu ◽  
Haotian Wu ◽  
Fangling Xu ◽  
Joseph W Ray ◽  
Allison Britt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Copy Number Variations ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Segmental Duplications ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
University Of Texas ◽  
Recombination Hotspots ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Gains And Losses

Abstract Chromosome 16p11.2 is one of the susceptible sites for recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) due to flanking near-identical segmental duplications. Five segmental duplications, named breakpoints 1 to 5 (BP1–BP5), have been defined as recombination hotspots within 16p11.2. Common CNVs on 16p11.2 include a proximal ~593 kb between BP4 and BP5, and a distal ~220 kb between BP2 and BP3. We performed a search for patients carrying 16p11.2 CNVs, as detected using chromosome microarray (CMA), in the Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), in Galveston. From March 2013 through April 2018, a total of 1200 CMA results were generated for germline testing, and 14 patients tested positive for 16p11.2 CNVs, of whom 7 had proximal deletion, 2 had distal deletion, 4 had proximal duplication, and 1 had distal duplication. Herein, we provide detailed phenotype data for these patients. Our study results show that developmental delay, abnormal body weight, behavioral problems, and hypotonia are common phenotypes associated with 16p11.2 CNVs.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever-like Disease in Sheep after Intranasal Inoculation with Ovine Herpesvirus-2

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Donal O'Toole ◽  
Okjin Kim ◽  
J. Lindsay Oaks ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Bronchiolar Epithelium ◽  
Polymerase Chain

A malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)–like disease was induced experimentally in 3 sheep after aerosol inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Each of 3 OvHV-2–negative sheep was nebulized with 2 ml of nasal secretions containing approximately 3.07 − 109 OvHV-2 DNA copies from a sheep experiencing an intensive viral-shedding episode. Ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA became detectable by polymerase chain reaction in the peripheral blood leukocytes of all 3 sheep within 3 days, and all 3 seroconverted between 6 and 8 days postinfection (PI). The sheep developed clinical signs, with copious mucopurulent nasal discharge and fever around 14 days PI. One of the 3 clinically affected sheep was euthanized at 18 days PI. Major lesions at necropsy were multifocal linear erosions and ulcers in mucosa of the cheeks, tongue, pharynx, and proximal esophagus and mild disseminated pneumonia. Microscopically, there was extensive moderate superficial histiocytic–lymphocytic rhinitis with epithelial dissociation and degeneration. Moderate multifocal histiocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia was associated with loss of terminal bronchiolar epithelium. Lymphocytic vasculitis was present only in the lung. The remaining 2 sheep recovered clinically, approximately 25 days PI. The study revealed that clinical signs and lesions resembling MCF can develop when uninfected sheep are exposed to a high dose of aerosolized OvHV-2.

scholarly journals Characterization of Pneumonia Due to Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in Dogs

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1790-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon L. Priestnall ◽  
Kerstin Erles ◽  
Harriet W. Brooks ◽  
Jacqueline M. Cardwell ◽  
Andrew S. Waller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Factor Alpha

ABSTRACT Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus has been linked to cases of acute fatal pneumonia in dogs in several countries. Outbreaks can occur in kenneled dog populations and result in significant levels of morbidity and mortality. This highly contagious disease is characterized by the sudden onset of clinical signs, including pyrexia, dyspnea, and hemorrhagic nasal discharge. The pathogenesis of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection in dogs is poorly understood. This study systematically characterized the histopathological changes in the lungs of 39 dogs from a large rehoming shelter in London, United Kingdom; the dogs were infected with S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. An objective scoring system demonstrated that S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus caused pneumonia in 26/39 (66.7%) dogs, and most of these dogs (17/26 [65.4%]) were classified as severe fibrino-suppurative, necrotizing, and hemorrhagic. Three recently described superantigen genes (szeF, szeN, and szeP) were detected by PCR in 17/47 (36.2%) of the S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus isolates; however, there was no association between the presence of these genes and the histopathological score. The lungs of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus-infected dogs with severe respiratory signs and lung pathology did however have significantly higher mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) than in uninfected controls, suggesting a role for an exuberant host immune response in the pathogenesis of this disease.

scholarly journals Growth performance and hematological changes of weaned beef calves diagnosed with respiratory disease using respiratory scoring and thoracic ultrasonography

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Cuevas-Gómez ◽  
Mark McGee ◽  
Matthew McCabe ◽  
Paul Cormican ◽  
Edward O’Riordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Lung Lesions ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Lung Consolidation ◽  
Hematological Changes

Abstract This study investigated 1) the effect of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and associated lung consolidations on growth performance and hematological profiles of recently weaned beef calves and 2) the relationship between clinical respiratory signs and lung consolidation detected by thoracic ultrasonography (TUS). One hundred and fifty-three weaned beef calves (209 days old [SD: 35.8] and 306 kg [SD: 26.3], at arrival) purchased and transported from auction markets were accommodated indoors in concrete slatted floor pens. Calves were weighed weekly from arrival until day 28 and on day 65 post-arrival. Assessment of BRD and blood sample collection for hematological profiles were performed on scheduled days (at arrival, on days 7, 14, and 28) and on other days upon BRD diagnosis. Animals were assessed for BRD using a total clinical respiratory score (CRS) of five clinical signs (rectal temperature, ear position, cough, nasal secretion, and eye secretion with each ranging from normal [0] to abnormal [3]) and TUS scores (normal [0] to lung consolidation ≥ 1 cm2 [2]). Based on CRS, 35% of calves were CRS+ (CRS ≥ 5) and 65% were CRS− (CRS &lt; 5). Although no lung consolidations (TUS−) were detected at arrival, 34% of calves developed lung consolidation (≥1 cm2) (TUS+) during the first 28 d post-arrival. Only fever (&gt;39.6 °C) and nasal discharge were weakly associated (r = 0.19, P &lt;0.05) with lung consolidation. On the day of BRD detection, neutrophil number and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio were 58% and 73% greater, respectively, in BRD calves with lung consolidation compared with healthy calves. From day 0 to 65, calf average daily gain (ADG) did not differ (P &gt;0.05) between CRS+ and CRS− calves but was 0.09 kg/d lower (P &lt; 0.05) for TUS+ compared with TUS− calves. Calves classified as BRD (CRS + TUS ≥ 5) with lung consolidation had lower (P &lt; 0.05) ADG from arrival until day 28 than healthy calves and BRD calves without lung consolidation (0.11 ± 0.10 vs. 0.53 ± 0.07 vs. 0.57 ± 0.10 kg/d, respectively); however, no differences in ADG were observed from day 0 to 65. Conventional methods to diagnose BRD failed to detect calves with lung lesions. TUS is a useful tool to detect lung lesions and its implementation in combination with CRS should provide a more accurate and early diagnosis of BRD, which is fundamental to successful treatment, animal welfare, and growth performance.

scholarly journals Investigation of Three Newly Identified Equine Parvoviruses in Blood and Nasal Fluid Samples of Clinically Healthy Horses and Horses with Acute Onset of Respiratory Disease

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3006
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Kaitlyn James ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Eric Delwart
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Equine Herpesvirus 1 ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
B Virus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nasal Fluid

Three newly identified equine parvoviruses (equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), equine parvovirus CSF (EqPV-CSF) and equine copivirus (Eqcopivirus)) have recently been discovered in horses with respiratory signs. However, the clinical impact of these three equine parvoviruses has yet to be determined. Nasal fluid samples and blood from 667 equids with acute onset of fever and respiratory signs submitted to a diagnostic laboratory were analyzed for the presence of common equine respiratory pathogens (equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus-1/-4, equine rhinitis A and B virus, S. equi subspecies equi) as well as EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus by qPCR. An additional 87 clinically healthy horses served as controls. One hundred and seventeen sick horses tested qPCR-positive for at least one of the three parvoviruses. Co-infections with common respiratory pathogens and parvoviruses were seen in 39 sick equids. All 87 clinically healthy horses tested qPCR-negative for all tested common respiratory pathogens and 10 healthy horses tested qPCR-positive for one of the equine parvoviruses. When the frequency of detection for EqPV-H, EqPV-CSF and Eqcopivirus of equids with respiratory signs was compared to that of clinically healthy horses, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), suggesting that the three recently identified equine parvoviruses do not contribute to the clinical picture of equids with respiratory disease.

scholarly journals Non-surgical Treatment of Guttural Pouch Empyema with Presence of Chondroids in a Filly

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heitor Cestari ◽  
Isabella Barros de Sousa Pereira ◽  
Letícia Hirata Mendes ◽  
Nathalia Cardoso de Sousa ◽  
Joel Phillipe Costa e Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Surgical Procedure ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glycol Ether ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Surgical Drainage ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Background: Guttural pouch empyema in horses is a disease described by the accumulation of purulent/mucopurulent exudate, which with chronification of the disease can become chondroids, affecting horses of any age and not presenting breed predisposition. The main cause of empyema is upper respiratory infection, associated or not with failure in the defense mechanisms, as well as drainage to the guttural pouch of retropharyngeal lymph node abscesses; the main pathogen related to this condition is Streptococcus equi. This paper aims to describes a case of a filly that presented a mucopurulent nasal discharge, five months of evolution, and irresponsive to antibiotic therapy.Case: A 2.5-year-old quarter filly was referred to the veterinary hospital presenting a five months evolution mucopurulent nasal discharge, irresponsive to gentamicin and ceftiofur, and later doxycycline, acetylcysteine and clenbuterol that were instituted on the farm. Throw the endoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract, was observed the presence of mucopurulent content and chondroids inside the right guttural pouch. This material was collected and sent for culture and antibiogram tests. Streptococcus equi was isolated, and was only sensitive to ceftiofur. The treatment included the guttural pouches flushes with warm saline solution (0.9%) associated with Lauryl Dietylene Glycol Ether Sulfate Sodium (28%) and acetylcysteine (10%). In addition to topical treatment, 5 mg/kg of ceftiofur was administered intramuscularly daily for 7 days. After 10 flushes of the guttural pouch, was observed a total absence of chondroid and mucopurulent contents.Discussion: The treatment of the guttural pouch empyema can be performed either by conservative methods or by the surgical drainage. Among the benefits of the conservative treatment are the absence of the risks related to the surgical procedure and the possibility of doing the treatment without a surgical facility. On the other hand, it usually presents a longer time to the remission of the clinical signs compared with the surgical drainage, since the mucopurulent content and the chondroids have to be disassembled and dissolved before being able to be drained from the guttural pouch. Even though, the conservative treatment is effective to a large number of cases, and with the utilization of agents to dissolve the chondroids can be performed with success in cases with a large number and size of chondroids. The surgical treatment is considered the gold standard in chronic cases, due to the difficult of removal of the chondroids with the conservative methods. The main complications related with the method are the iatrogenic lesions to noble structures present inside the guttural pouches, as cranial nerves and arteries. The decision of the treatment, surgical or conservative, must consider the risks to the patient, the facilities, and the costs of the procedure. The present study demonstrates that agents as lauryl-diethylene-glycol-ether sodium sulfate (28%) and acetyl cysteine can be effective as diluents for thick secretions and organic contents, and for that reason, increase the success of the conservative treatment of guttural pouch empyema. Consequently, improving the outcome and the rate of remission in cases of guttural pouch empyema that have a large number of chondroids, and are located remotely from referring veterinary hospitals or that cannot afford the surgical procedure.

Modern approaches to the treatment of mastitis in women of reproductive age

2016 ◽  
pp. 191-108
Author(s):  
A.A. Sukhanova ◽  
◽  
Yu.M. Melnik ◽  
O.O. Karlova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Examination ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Gynecological Examination ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Observation Period

The aim of the study: to study the efficacy and safety of use Mastofemin in the treatment of various forms of mastitis in women of reproductive age. Materials and methods. The study included 62 women of reproductive age (mean age of 33.5±2.3 years) who were screened in the Kiev city center reproductive and perinatal medicine. Women were divided into 2 groups. The first (main) group consisted of 32 patients who received the proposed treatment using herbal remedies Mastofemin 1 capsule 2 times per day for 3 months; 30 patients of the second (control) group were under observation and received no treatment. These groups were representative and homogeneous on age, clinical symptoms and sonographic characteristics. The clinical method included evaluation of complaints of patients, anamnesis, presence of concomitant gynecologic pathology, inspection, palpation of the lymph nodes and the breast and obtaining a discharge from the nipples to conduct cytological examination, which allowed excluding from the study women with suspected malignancy of the process. All the patients were performed ultrasound examination of the breast. The review was supplemented with vaginal gynecological examination and ultrasound examination of small pelvis organs to assess the condition of the uterus and its appendages, the diagnosis of gynecological diseases. Results. Summarizing obtained in this study results one should stress the positive long-term effect of applying Mastofemin for the treatment of proliferative changes of the breast in women of reproductive age. This is manifested by a decrease in the intensity of clinical signs of mastitis, consistent with the results of sonographic control. Established positive dynamics in the treatment of cystic mastitis, dectective and when combined cystic mastopathy with dectective. In the control group of patients for a given observation period (6 months) no significant changes in clinical signs of mastitis and sonographic characteristics. Regression of disease has not occurred in any of the patients, in 2 patients increased sensitivity of the breast after 6 months moved to the soreness. Sonographic characteristics of mastitis during the observation period did not change. Thus, the use of Mastofemin aimed at pathogenetic treatment of mastitis and prevention of breast cancer. Conclusion. Application of Mastofemin during the treatment of mastitis in women of reproductive age significantly improves the clinical condition of patients; reduce the subjective and objective symptoms of the disease. The positive effect of the treatment with Mastofemin proved in the case of the treatment of sonographic following forms of mastitis: cystic mastopathy, cystic mastopathy with dectectasy. Mastofemin may be the drug of choice for complex conservative monotherapy in women of reproductive age with proliferative changes in the breast, and can also be used as part of complex treatment in patients with diffuse changes of the breast when combined with hyperplastic processes of the myometrium and endometrium. Keywords: mastopathy, breast gland, herbal medicine, herbal remedies, Mastofemin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document