Disaggregating the Effects of Inequality on Informal Giving: Evidence From Pakistan

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402110138
Author(s):  
Husnain Fateh Ahmad ◽  
Hadia Majid
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Residual Correlation ◽  
Individual Philanthropy ◽  
Using Data

In this article, we outline the determinants of informal charitable giving and the link between giving and inequality. Arguing that inequality encompasses at least two competing effects—distrust and observed need for donations—we use a novel proxy to separate out the effect of the latter from the former on household’s magnitude of informal giving. Using data from the Pakistan Centre for Philanthropy’s 2014 Indigenous Individual Philanthropy Survey, we find that informal giving in Pakistan follows patterns like those observed in the literature for formal giving. We also find evidence for a positive relationship between observed need and the magnitude of person-to-person giving. Controlling for observed need, we find that the residual correlation between inequality and giving is negative, one explanation of which may be the positive link between inequality and decreased social cohesion and trust.

scholarly journals CEO compensation and performance of state owned enterprises in South Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Ngwenya ◽  
Mahlomolo Khumalo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Ceo Compensation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Total Revenue ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Base Salary ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The study investigates the relationship between CEO compensation and performance of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in South Africa, using data for the period 2009 to 2011. The results indicated that there exist no positive relationship between CEO compensation and SOEs performance as measured by return on assets. The results also indicated a positive relationship between CEO compensation (base salary) and the size of SOEs as measured by total revenue and number of employees. The results suggest that board members of SOEs in South Africa should hold CEOs accountable for the performance of SOEs, and should not pay huge salaries and bonuses to non performing CEOs.

Boredom Proneness and Aggression Among People With Substance Use Disorder: The Mediating Role of Trait Anger and Impulsivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Qilong Cao ◽  
Jing An
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Boredom Proneness ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Multiple Mediator Model ◽  
The Relationship

Boredom proneness has been linked to aggressive behaviors; however, the relationship between them is not well understood. To better understand the mechanism underlying the relationship between boredom proneness and aggression, a serial multiple mediator model was built, where boredom proneness impacted aggression simultaneously through (a) impulsivity, (b) trait anger, and (c) impulsivity to trait anger. Using data collected among Chinese substance users, a battery of interview questionnaires was completed. Results from this study indicate a positive relationship between boredom proneness, impulsivity, trait anger, and aggression. Moreover, the mediating role of impulsivity, trait anger, and both impulsivity and trait anger in serial were found. This study reflects that the link from boredom proneness to aggression among substances users could be partially explained via impulsivity and anger.

Relationship Quality Among Older Cohabitors: A Comparison to Remarrieds

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1808-1817
Author(s):  
Matthew R Wright
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Quality ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Union Type ◽  
Quality Relationships

Abstract Objectives Later life marital patterns have undergone shifts over the past few decades, including a rapid growth of cohabiting unions. Despite the increase in older adult cohabitation, research on this population has been slow to keep up. Intimate relationships are linked to well-being and relationship quality is especially important because high-quality relationships offer a number of benefits for well-being, whereas poor-quality relationships often are detrimental. This study compares cohabiting and remarried individuals on two measures of relationship quality. Method Using data from the 2010 and 2012 Health and Retirement Study, I investigate the positive and negative relationship quality of cohabitors relative to their remarried counterparts and whether the association of union type and relationship quality varies by race. Results Across both positive and negative relationship quality, I found few differences between cohabiting and remarried individuals. Black cohabitors report higher positive relationship quality than remarrieds, whereas White cohabitors and remarrieds do not differ. Discussion These findings suggest that cohabiting unions and remarriages are comparable among White older adults, but that Black cohabitors may gain more in terms of positive relationship quality than their remarried counterparts.

scholarly journals Why are the oldest old less generous? Explanations for the unexpected age-related drop in charitable giving

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 486-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAMALA WIEPKING ◽  
RUSSELL N. JAMES
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Charitable Giving ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Church Attendance ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
The United States ◽  
Religious Attendance ◽  
Egocentric Networks ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Health Cognition

ABSTRACTPrevious research has demonstrated that the generally positive relationship between age and the presence of charitable giving becomes negative at the oldest ages. We investigate potential causes of this drop in charitable giving among the oldest old including changes in health, cognition, egocentric networks, religious attendance, and substitution of charitable bequest planning. A longitudinal analysis of data from the United States Health and Retirement Survey indicates that the drop in charitable giving is mediated largely by changes in the frequency of church attendance, with only modest influences from changes in health and cognition.

scholarly journals Reproductive biology of the Brazilian sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) from southeastern Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1829-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio S. Motta ◽  
Rafael C. Namora ◽  
Otto B. F. Gadig ◽  
F. M. S. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Marine Science ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Motta, F. S., Namora, R. C., Gadig, O. B. F., and Braga, F. M. S. 2007. Reproductive biology of the Brazilian sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon lalandii) from southeastern Brazil. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1829–1835. The reproductive biology of the Brazilian sharpnose shark, Rhizoprionodon lalandii, off southeastern Brazil was investigated using data from gillnet landings. The size-at-maturity for males and females was estimated to be 59 and 62 cm total length (LT), respectively. Ovarian fecundity ranged from 3 to 7 follicles (mean = 4.54), and uterine fecundity from 1 to 5 embryos (mean = 3.3). There was a slight positive relationship between female LT and the number of ovarian follicles, but uterine fecundity was not related to female LT. Embryonic growth is fast following fertilization during summer and autumn. Gestation requires 11–12 months, and peak parturition is between August and September. A comparison of size-at-maturity between animals from northeastern and southeastern Brazil suggests the existence of at least two stocks of R. lalandii along the Brazilian coast.

scholarly journals Wpływ wielkości banku na jego efektywność: badania dla krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Mikołajczyk
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Soft Information ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Scale Efficiency ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
East European ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Although there is a growing body of literature on the impact of bank size on itsstrategy, efficiency, profitability and stability, the results are still inconclusive. Themain advantages of large banks are their capability for product and geographicaldiversification, ability to bear the cost of technological changes and easier accessto financial resources. On the other hand, small banks have a good understandingof local markets, use soft information on their clients more effectively, are basedon relationship banking model, and have much simpler organizational structure.The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of bank size on its efficiency in Centraland East European countries. For that purpose, all commercial banks fromCEE countries were divided into four groups, depending on their size (expressedin absolute and relative terms). Technical and scale efficiency scores for the period2004–2013 were calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis. The main conclusionis that in CEE countries bank size affects the efficiency, particularly if thesize is expressed in absolute terms. There is a positive relationship between banksize and its technical efficiency (especially above a certain limit). The relationshipbetween bank size and scale efficiency is nonlinear: the smallest and the largestbanks have higher scale inefficiency.

What Explains The Existence of an Exchange Overround?

2013 ◽  
pp. 275-297
Author(s):  
David Marginson
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Microstructure Analysis ◽  
Horse Race ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Betting Markets ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Starting Price

This chapter analyzes factors that may explain the existence and magnitude of starting price–based overrounds on Betfair, the leading and globally dominant person-to-person Internet betting site. Drawing on both finance and horse race betting literatures, several hypotheses are developed and tested, using data on 2,184 horse races in the United Kingdom between 2008 and 2010. Results are discussed and explanations offered for the findings, such as a positive relationship between grade of race and Betfair overround (the higher the grade, the higher the overround). More broadly, this research suggests that microstructure analysis of order-driven betting markets, such as Betfair, constitutes a fruitful line of enquiry for those interested in understanding market efficiency.

scholarly journals Predicting the Probability of Landowner Participation in Conservation Assistance Programs: A Case Study of the Northern Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon R. Kaetzel ◽  
Donald G. Hodges ◽  
David Houston ◽  
J. M. Fly
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Financial Incentive ◽  
Human Dimensions ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Cumberland Plateau ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Program Enrollment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Aid Programs

Abstract Financial incentive programs offer one means of encouraging landowners to manage forests in the face of increasing development pressures. Using data collected in a 2005 survey by the University of Tennessee's Human Dimensions Lab of 1,462 woodland landowners on the Tennessee Northern Cumberland Plateau (Cumberland, Fentress, Morgan, and Scott counties), models were developed to predict landowner enrollment in such programs. The probability of landowner enrollment was calculated using logistic regression. Results reveal that a significant positive relationship exists between amount of land owned and conservation aid program enrollment. Also, there is a positive relationship between receiving information from government agencies or foresters and conservation aid program enrollment. Increasing enrollment in conservation aid programs will depend on targeting landowners with information from government agencies and providing opportunities to talk to a forester. More research on landowner demographics is necessary to create models that more accurately predict probability of landowner enrollment in conservation aid programs.

scholarly journals Heterotrophic eukaryotes show a slow-fast continuum, not a gleaner–exploiter trade-off

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24893-24899
Author(s):  
Thomas Kiørboe ◽  
Mridul K. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Gradient ◽  
Using Data

Gleaners and exploiters (opportunists) are organisms adapted to feeding in nutritionally poor and rich environments, respectively. A trade-off between these two strategies—a negative relationship between the rate at which organisms can acquire food and ingest it—is a critical assumption in many ecological models. Here, we evaluate evidence for this trade-off across a wide range of heterotrophic eukaryotes from unicellular nanoflagellates to large mammals belonging to both aquatic and terrestrial realms. Using data on the resource acquisition and ingestion rates in >500 species, we find no evidence of a trade-off across species. Instead, there is a positive relationship between maximum clearance rate and maximum ingestion rate. The positive relationship is not a result of lumping together diverse taxa; it holds within all subgroups of organisms we examined as well. Correcting for differences in body mass weakens but does not reverse the positive relationship, so this is not an artifact of size scaling either. Instead, this positive relationship represents a slow–fast gradient in the “pace of life” that overrides the expected gleaner–exploiter trade-off. Other trade-offs must therefore shape ecological processes, and investigating them may provide deeper insights into coexistence, competitive dynamics, and biodiversity patterns in nature. A plausible target for study is the well-documented trade-off between growth rate and predation avoidance, which can also drive the slow–fast gradient we observe here.

scholarly journals Past Performance, Organizational Aspiration, and Organizational Performance: The Moderating Effect of Environmental Jolts

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunjia Hu ◽  
Haili Zhang ◽  
Michael Song ◽  
Dapeng Liang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Environmental Jolts ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data

Previous research has implied that past performance and organizational aspiration may have an important effect on the sustainable growth of organizational performance. Under the conditions of environmental jolts, their relationships are more complicated to discern. However, few studies have undertaken this investigation. Using data from 183 U.S. firms, this study proposes and tests a theoretical model of the relationships between past performance, organizational aspiration, and organizational performance at different environmental jolt levels. Through hierarchical regression analysis, the empirical findings suggest that low levels of environmental jolt weaken the positive relationship between organizational aspiration and organizational performance, while high levels of environmental jolt magnify the positive influence of past performance on organizational performance. Most importantly, the empirical findings reveal that at low levels of environmental jolt, past performance has no effect on organizational performance, while organizational aspiration has no effect on organizational performance when the level of environmental jolt is high. These interesting findings provide some implications for managers and enrich the theory of sustainable development.

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