Review Article : Liberal eugenics and the vitalist life sciences: incongruities in the German human sciences in the 19th century

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Whimster
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Liberal Eugenics ◽  
The 19Th Century

Reciprocity and Related Topics in Elastodynamics

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan D. Achenbach
Keyword(s):  
Elasticity Theory ◽  
Elastic Body ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Wave Motion ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Integral Representations ◽  
Time Harmonic ◽  
Reciprocity Relations ◽  
Elastic Systems ◽  
The 19Th Century

Reciprocity theorems in elasticity theory were discovered in the second half of the 19th century. For elastodynamics they provide interesting relations between two elastodynamic states, say states A and B. This paper will primarily review applications of reciprocity relations for time-harmonic elastodynamic states. The paper starts with a brief introduction to provide some historical and general background, and then proceeds in Sec. 2 to a brief discussion of static reciprocity for an elastic body. General comments on waves in solids are offered in Sec. 3, while Sec. 4 provides a brief summary of linearized elastodynamics. Reciprocity theorems are stated in Sec. 5. For some simple examples the concept of virtual waves is introduced in Sec. 6. A virtual wave is a wave motion that satisfies appropriate conditions on the boundaries and is a solution of the elastodynamic equations. It is shown that combining the desired solution as state A with a virtual wave as state B provides explicit results for state A. Basic elastodynamic states are discussed in Sec. 7. These states play an important role in the formulation of integral representations and integral equations, as shown in Sec. 8. Reciprocity in 1-D and full-space elastodynamics are discussed in Secs. 910, respectively. Applications to a half-space and a layer are reviewed in Secs. 1112. Section 13 is concerned with reciprocity of coupled acousto-elastic systems. The paper is completed with a brief discussion of reciprocity for piezoelectric systems. There are 61 references cited in this review article.

scholarly journals Collections d’ethnographie et musées d’archéologie: entre désaveux muséologiques et jalons de l’histoire des sciences de l’Homme

ORGANON ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Adèle Chevalie
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

The fact that ethnographical collections, often ancient, are preserved in archaeological museums nowadays might not be obvious. The material culture of living societies is not, indeed, the priority of archaeologists, who are mainly interested in societies of the past. However, a museological and historical approach makes it possible to study these collections and highlight their differential management according to institutions and epistemological developments in the human sciences, since the middle of the 19th century.

Menschliche Individualität

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Epistemic Access ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is part of our self-understanding as humans to ascribe individuality to. But what our particular individuality consists of cannot be generally determined, because the concept of individuality aims precisely at the uniqueness and unmistakability of each individual. A philosophical theory of human individuality must therefore essentially be a theory of human self-understanding. The book substantiates this thesis both in philosophical-historical and in philosophical-systematical perspective. The author takes up problem descriptions from the founding phase of human sciences in the 19th century and develops a proposal that identifies a specifically human type of epistemic access to oneself as an essential characteristic of human individuality. The epistemological foundation of philosophical anthropology presented in this study is thus simultaneously an innovative contribution to the hermeneutics of the human self.

Towards a New Historiography of Psychoanalysis: In Defence of Psychoanalysis as Science – An Essay on George Makari's Revolution in Mind

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Cotti
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Scientific Thought ◽  
History Of Psychoanalysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The 19Th Century

Makari's work, Revolution in Mind, presents readers with the opportunity to reconsider and compare the manner in which the history of psychoanalysis has been understood in France and English-speaking countries until now. In demonstrating how the birth of psychoanalysis constituted a legitimate revolution of scientific thought and addressed questions left unanswered by philosophy and human sciences in the middle of the 19th century, G. Makari offers a new historiography of psychoanalysis.

Vulval Disease from the 1800s to the New Millennium

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatoses ◽  
Historical Viewpoint ◽  
A Site ◽  
Vulval Disease ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Millennium

Background: The study of vulval disease has become important over the last few decades. Although several inflammatory dermatoses were described at the end of the 19th century, vulval involvement in these conditions was only realized some time later. Indeed, the vulva may be a site of predilection of some inflammatory dermatoses such as lichen sclerosus. Objective: There are now groups of interested dermatologists, gynecologists, and genitourinary physicians that have cooperated to study patients with vulval disease. Hopefully, this will increase our knowledge over the next century. Conclusion: This review article examines vulval disease from an historical viewpoint and highlights important developments that have increased our understanding of the disorders that specifically affect the vulva.

scholarly journals Monetary Economy of South Kazakhstan in the 19th Century (as evidenced by the “Turkestan Archive”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 985-1107
Author(s):  
V. N. Nastich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Review Article ◽  
General Survey ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Monetary Economy ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Monetary Circulation

The review article is based on the materials of the talk given at the All-Union Barthold Readings in 1990. It comprises an analysis of the data regarding the monetary units circulating in the city ofTurkestanand its district (South Kazakhstan) during the period when it was subject to the Khoqand (Kokand) Khanate and subsequently to the Russian Empire. The sources are a large group of act and business documents written in oriental languages in Arabic script, which were discovered in the 1970s. The article provides a philological analysis of monetary terms and related metrology. It provides the relationship between local and Russian denominations as well as a general survey of monetary circulation in the region during the 19th century. Along with the coin types and some specific features of their circulation, the author supplies unique data regarding prices for goods, realty, food, etc., which existed in the region during that period.

Biology comes of age

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Falk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Diversity Of Life ◽  
The 19Th Century

Life sciences became Biology, like Physics and Chemistry, only in the 19th century, when researchers turned to reductive, determinist experimental methodologies. Whereas theories like that of the cell and that of Faktoren-of-inheritance provided the elementary units of life, Darwinism provided the framework for the diversity of life and its evolution. Only towards the second half of the 20th century did biologists realize that once living systems were constructed, it was systems analysis that became the focus of understanding living structures and functions.

Literary Societies in Russia in the First Half of the 19th Century: Approaches to an Interdisciplinary Description

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
A. S. Bodrova ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Public ◽  
Institutional Approach ◽  
Literary Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The 19Th Century

The review article systematizes the principle achievements in the studies of the literary societies and associations in the Russian and foreign historiography of the 1990–2010s, and analyzes approaches to this material within the framework of various disciplines and methodologies. The author suggests an institutional approach as the basis for the development of a conceptual and fact-fortified language for describing the literary societies in Russia in the fi rst half of the 19th century. An institutional approach provides an opportunity to link the history of the literary associations with the broader socio-historical context and to describe the role played by the literary societies in the formation of the «public sphere» and civil society in the 19th-century Russia

scholarly journals Проблема исламизации Поволжья в трудах Ш. Марджани

Islamology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Azat Akhunov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Final Acceptance

Among the 19th century Tatar historians Shihabaddin Mardjani (1818-1889) can be named as a pioneer of the historical science in the European sense. More than 30 works devoted to various subjects of Islamic theology belong to his pen. There are historical ones among his works. Sh. Mardjani’s contribution to human sciences was so significant that his works were recognized even during the Soviet era. While the rest of Tatar pre-revolutionary period (until 1917) legacies were under the ban, Mardjani was presented as a historian without mentioning his achievements in Islamic sciences. In our research we are examining the topic of Islamization of the Volga area in Mardjani’s works. As it is known, the official date of adoption of Islam by Tatar ancestors, i.e. Bulgharians, was in year 922 according to Christian calendar. However, some Tatar historians of 18th-19th centuries (e.g. Hisamaddin Muslimi, Tajaddin Yalchigul) argued that Islam has already been practiced in the Volga region in the first centuries of Islam, while the first missionaries were the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad. Shihabaddin Mardjani criticized them for using unreliable information and sources in their works. According to Mardjani the Islamization of the Volga region happened at the same time as Arabs entered Spain at the beginning of 8th century, while in Bulghar Islam appeared in the 8th-9th centuries. In Mardjani’s opinion, the final acceptance and strengthening of Islam in the region happened during Uzbek Khan reign over the Golden Horde (1313-1342).

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