scholarly journals Проблема исламизации Поволжья в трудах Ш. Марджани

Islamology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Azat Akhunov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Final Acceptance

Among the 19th century Tatar historians Shihabaddin Mardjani (1818-1889) can be named as a pioneer of the historical science in the European sense. More than 30 works devoted to various subjects of Islamic theology belong to his pen. There are historical ones among his works. Sh. Mardjani’s contribution to human sciences was so significant that his works were recognized even during the Soviet era. While the rest of Tatar pre-revolutionary period (until 1917) legacies were under the ban, Mardjani was presented as a historian without mentioning his achievements in Islamic sciences. In our research we are examining the topic of Islamization of the Volga area in Mardjani’s works. As it is known, the official date of adoption of Islam by Tatar ancestors, i.e. Bulgharians, was in year 922 according to Christian calendar. However, some Tatar historians of 18th-19th centuries (e.g. Hisamaddin Muslimi, Tajaddin Yalchigul) argued that Islam has already been practiced in the Volga region in the first centuries of Islam, while the first missionaries were the Companions of the Prophet Muhammad. Shihabaddin Mardjani criticized them for using unreliable information and sources in their works. According to Mardjani the Islamization of the Volga region happened at the same time as Arabs entered Spain at the beginning of 8th century, while in Bulghar Islam appeared in the 8th-9th centuries. In Mardjani’s opinion, the final acceptance and strengthening of Islam in the region happened during Uzbek Khan reign over the Golden Horde (1313-1342).

Traditions of Guardianship and Charity through Organization of District Libraries

2010 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
Tatyana M. Guseva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with not well studied problem of the class societies’ participation in the development of librarianship in the chief towns of the Middle Volga Region. In the second half of the 19th century the initiative of libraries’ opening often come from the citizens. They created the trustee committees, whose members served the librarianship for free, donated books, money, and actively participated in the organizing of charitable performances.

scholarly journals Collections d’ethnographie et musées d’archéologie: entre désaveux muséologiques et jalons de l’histoire des sciences de l’Homme

ORGANON ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Adèle Chevalie
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

The fact that ethnographical collections, often ancient, are preserved in archaeological museums nowadays might not be obvious. The material culture of living societies is not, indeed, the priority of archaeologists, who are mainly interested in societies of the past. However, a museological and historical approach makes it possible to study these collections and highlight their differential management according to institutions and epistemological developments in the human sciences, since the middle of the 19th century.

Menschliche Individualität

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
Epistemological Foundation ◽  
Human Type ◽  
Epistemic Access ◽  
The 19Th Century

It is part of our self-understanding as humans to ascribe individuality to. But what our particular individuality consists of cannot be generally determined, because the concept of individuality aims precisely at the uniqueness and unmistakability of each individual. A philosophical theory of human individuality must therefore essentially be a theory of human self-understanding. The book substantiates this thesis both in philosophical-historical and in philosophical-systematical perspective. The author takes up problem descriptions from the founding phase of human sciences in the 19th century and develops a proposal that identifies a specifically human type of epistemic access to oneself as an essential characteristic of human individuality. The epistemological foundation of philosophical anthropology presented in this study is thus simultaneously an innovative contribution to the hermeneutics of the human self.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals Through Polemic to the Truth (the case of Debate between Sh. Mardjani and his Opponents in the Volga Region in the last third of the 19th century)

Islamology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Dinara Mardanova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Divine Attributes ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is focused on the theological debates on the issues of ‘aqidah between Shihabaddin Mardjani and his opponents. The debate can be viewed as a mechanism for seeking and affirming the Truth. As one of the possible responses of Tatar Muslims to the imperial challenge, the religious debate is analyzed in the context of changed political, economic and social conditions of the modern period, when the new boundaries of the religious tradition were outlined through theological discussions about the kalam and divine attributes and at the same time the reality itself was revised in the light of the sources.

Du Paria à l’Émigré : une typologie des vagabonds post-révolutionnaires

2014 ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Hugo Sert
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Michel Foucault ◽  
French History ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
The French Revolution

The « great detention » analysed by Michel Foucault shows the fear societies have of wanderers and tramps. During the wholeclassical period, political and religious elites try to lock up people who don’t have neither home nor work, thinking that they are a danger to society’s order. Arts and literature represent this threat, reinforcing the negativity of wandering and mobility in minds. However, there is a time in French history leading to question this doxa. A political revolution turns these representations round. The French Revolution changes the camp of suspicion towards wandering. Starting from 1789, old elites, ironically, find themselves out in the streets with nothing. These people, the Émigrés, are the ones creating literature during the revolutionary period. This phenomenonaffects writing at this time, and arises ethical and aesthetic questions. The texts written in exile trying to answer these questions create a new sensibility which is going to influence the minds of the 19th century.

scholarly journals A. N. Minh’s study of the history of the Saratov Volga region settlement

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269
Author(s):  
Alla S. Mayorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Local History ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Special Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Archive ◽  
The 19Th Century

The issue of the Saratov Volga region settlement by the peasantry was covered in the first works on local history. The beginning of its special study was associated with the need to clarify the reasons for the tense social situation that had developed in the region by the middle of the 19th century. A. N. Minh’s monograph was the first attempt at a purposeful search and consolidation of evidence on peasant colonization. It opens a series of papers devoted to this problem and published by members of the Saratov Scientific Archive Commission.

scholarly journals History of studying the kidney pathology in the mirror of numismatics. Report 3. Development of urology

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-88
Author(s):  
O.V. Syniachenko ◽  
M. O. Kolesnyk ◽  
N.M. Stepanova ◽  
M.V. Iermolaieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" - coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law, it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaque. Best of all, the history of uronephrology is illustrated by various forms of the medalist educational art (exonum or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the memorial coin. This work presents a catalog of more than 400 numismatic materials (including some unique, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of the structure and function of the kidneys, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases, there are links to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution are mentioned into the formation of this scientific discipline. The development of urology over 520 years of historical epochs of the New and Modern times were presented, portraits on 60 numismatic materials of well-known specialists-urologists and kidney transplantologists were presented, scientific forums of urologists were reflected on commemorative medals.

scholarly journals On the origin of Dagestani shamhals and Gazikumukh Shamkhalate (the 12th to 16th centuries)

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Arsen S. Akbiyev ◽  
Magomed-Pasha B. Abdusalamov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
The Core ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the problem of Dagestani shamkhalate and the term "shamkhal", which is debatable in Dagestani historical science, based on the analysis of sources and special historical literature. According to the authors, the Arabic version of the origin of the first Dagestani Shamkhals is untenable and beneath scientific criticism. The first rulers with the title "shaukhal" who appeared in Dagestan at the early 12th century, belonged to Turkic peoples who led ghazi groups (those who contended for the faith) and spread Islam in Upland Dagestan. The Turkic dynasty existed until the early 14th century only to be overthrown by the combined forces of the Golden Horde, Kajtaks and the Avar Khanate. The Golden Horde established their own ruler (Tatar-Shamkhal) from among the Chingissids, whose descendants ruled this state formation until the second half of the 19th century. The authors come to the conclusion that those were the Kumyks who supported the Tatar-Shamkhals unlike the rest warlike highland population who disliked them; and they finally migrated to live among the Kumyks when, in the second half of the 16th century, they faced deterioration. The Kumyks, being the basis, the core of Shamkhalism, after the withdrawal from Gazikumukh possession, prevented the final disintegration of the Shamkhalate and continued the traditions of medieval statehood

scholarly journals Neurology of Ukraine in the mirror of exonumia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
O.V. Syniachenko ◽  
M.V. Yermolaeva ◽  
S.M. Verzilov ◽  
K.V. Liventsova ◽  
T.Yu. Syniachenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
History Of Neurology ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

The main goal was to analyze the history of neurology of Ukraine using exonumia materials. Exonumia (a form of medallic educational art) is a branch of historical science numismatics (from the Latin numisma — coin), which originated in the 19th century and became closely related to economics, politics, culture and law; it includes the thematic study of medals and plaques. The medal became the prototype of a commemorative (memorial) coin. This work presents a catalogue of 43 numismatic materials (me­dals), including some unique ones, presented for the first time, brief biographies of physicians (21 persons) who have made an invaluable contribution to the formation of this scientific discipline. Unfortunately, for now the memory of famous doctors of the past has not been sufficiently marked by the release of numismatic (exonumia) products, so in the future we hope for a systematic approach to this matter, for the purposeful promotion of the achievements of neurology by meaning of numismatics, which provides an illustrative example for studying the history of medicine, contributes to an increase in the level of education of doctors. The authors expect the appearance of new interesting materials of such small forms of art.

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