scholarly journals Lubrication analysis and sub-surface stress field of an automotive differential hypoid gear pair under dynamic loading

2015 ◽  
Vol 230 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1183-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas Paouris ◽  
Stephanos Theodossiades ◽  
Miguel De la Cruz ◽  
Homer Rahnejat ◽  
Adam Kidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Film Thickness ◽  
Surface Stress ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Gear Pair ◽  
Hypoid Gear ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
Dynamics Model ◽  
Gear Dynamics

Film thickness and sub-surface stress distribution in a highly loaded automotive differential hypoid gear pair are examined. A 4-Degree of Freedom torsional gear dynamics model, taking into account the torsional stiffness of the pinion and the gear shafts, is used in order to evaluate the contact load, the surface velocities and the contact radii of curvature of the mating teeth during a full meshing cycle. The torsional gear dynamics model takes into account both the geometric non-linearities of the system (backlash non-linearity) as well as the time varying properties (contact radii, meshing stiffness) and the internal excitations caused by geometrical imperfections of the teeth pair (static transmission error). The input torque used for the study of the film thickness and the sub-surface stress distribution corresponds to the region after the main resonance, where no teeth separation occurs. The contact conditions predicted by the gear dynamics are used as the input for the elastohydrodynamic elliptical point contact analysis. The lubricant film thickness, the corresponding pressure and surface traction distributions are obtained quasi-statically using the output load of the dynamic gear pair model. The variation of the induced sub-surface stress field is determined throughout a meshing cycle. Based on the sub-surface reversing orthogonal shear stresses, marginal differences occur when the viscous shear on the conjunctional surfaces are taken into account, which are mainly influenced by the applied pressure distribution. The numerical prediction of lubricant film thickness agrees reasonably well with that predicted using the well-established extrapolated oil film thickness formulae reported in the literature.

Study of Direct Measuring of Lubricant Condition in Rolling Element Bearings With Microcomputer Technique

1990 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongchu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Strain Gage ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Rolling Element Bearings ◽  
Main Program ◽  
Test Apparatus ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
Rolling Element ◽  
Lubricant Films ◽  
Flow Charts

A method for measuring the lubricant condition with strain gage in rolling element bearings and the instrument used are introduced. In order to illustrate the method and the instrument, the theory of measuring lubricant films in rolling element bearings using strain technique, test apparatus, microcomputer hardware as well as software, flow charts for the main program and subprograms, are first described in detail. In addition, the lubricant film thickness is measured for several different lubricants and results are compared with theoretical ones. It is demonstrated that using the method and the instrument introduced in this paper, one can measure the lubricant condition inside bearings very accurately.

scholarly journals An investigation into the oil transport and starvation of piston ring pack

2018 ◽  
Vol 233 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
SR Bewsher ◽  
M Mohammadpour ◽  
H Rahnejat ◽  
G Offner ◽  
O Knaus
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Piston Ring ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
Piston Ring Pack ◽  
Ring Pack

In order to accurately predict the lubricant film thickness and generated friction in any tribological contact, it is important to determine appropriate boundary conditions, taking into account the oil availability and extent of starvation. This paper presents a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of a piston ring pack for prediction of lubricant film thickness, friction and total power loss. The model takes into account starvation caused by reverse flow at the conjunctional inlet wedge, and applied to a ring pack, comprising a compression and scraper ring. Inlet boundaries are calculated for an engine cycle of a four-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine operating at 1500 r/min with conditions pertaining to the New European Drive Cycle. The analysis shows the two main sources of starvation: first, due to a physical lack of inlet meniscus and second, due to reverse flow at the inlet wedge significantly affecting the prevailing conditions from the generally assumed idealised boundary conditions. Such an approach has not hitherto been reported in literature.

Instrumented Engine Bearings for Lubricant Film Thickness Measurement

MTZ worldwide ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Henry Brunskill ◽  
Andrew Hunter ◽  
Hosung Nam ◽  
Junsik Park
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
Film Thickness Measurement

Gear Tribology and Lubrication

2005 ◽  
pp. 19-38
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Case History ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Gear Tooth ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Flash Temperature ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
Film Lubrication

Abstract This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.

scholarly journals The Impact of Lubricant Film Thickness and Ball Bearings Failures

Lubricants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew David Marko
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Fatigue Failure ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Lubricant Film ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Ball Bearings ◽  
Lubricant Film Thickness ◽  
The Impact

An effort was made to find a relationship between the lubricant thickness at the point of contact of rolling element ball bearings, and empirical equations to predict the life for bearings under constant motion. Two independent failure mechanisms were considered, fatigue failure and lubricant failure resulting in seizing of the roller bearing. A theoretical formula for both methods was established for the combined probability of failure using both failure mechanisms. Fatigue failure was modeled with the empirical equations of Lundberg and Palmgren and standardized in DIN/ISO281. The seizure failure, which this effort sought to investigate, was predicted using Greenwood and Williamson’s theories on surface roughness and asperities during lubricated contact. These two mechanisms were combined, and compared to predicted cycle lives of commercial roller bearing, and a clear correlation was demonstrated. This effort demonstrated that the Greenwood–Williams theories on the relative height of asperities versus lubricant film thickness can be used to predict the probability of a lubricant failure resulting in a roller bearing seizing during use.

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