Comparison of soot models for reacting sprays in diesel engine-like conditions

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110154
Author(s):  
Pavan Prakash Duvvuri ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Sheshadri Sreedhara
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Aerosol Dynamics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Detailed Kinetics ◽  
Soot Model

Stringent emission legislations and growing health concerns have contributed to the evolution of soot modeling in diesel engines from simple empirical relations to methods involving detailed kinetics and complex aerosol dynamics. In this paper, four different soot models have been evaluated for the high temperature, high pressure combusting dodecane spray cases of engine combustion network (ECN) spray A which mimics engine-relevant conditions. The soot models considered include an empirical, a multistep, a method of moments based, and a discrete sectional method soot model. Two experimental cases with ambient oxygen volume of 21% and 15% have been modeled. A good agreement between simulations and experiments for vapor penetration and heat release rate has been obtained. Quasi-steady soot volume fraction contours for the four soot models have been compared with experiments. Contours of the species and source terms involved in soot modeling have also been compared for a better understanding of soot processes. The empirical soot model results in higher magnitude and spread of soot due to a lack of modeling framework for oxidation through OH species. Among the four models studied, the multistep soot model has been observed to provide the most promising agreement with the experimental data in terms of distribution of soot and location of peak soot volume fraction. Due to a two-way coupling of soot models, the detailed models predict an upstream location for soot as compared to the multi-step soot model which is one way coupled. A significant difference (of an order of magnitude) in the concentration of PAH (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) precursor between multistep and detailed soot models has been observed because of precursor consumption due to the coupling of detailed soot models with chemical kinetics. It is recommended that kinetic schemes, especially those concerning PAH, be validated with experimental data with a kinetics-coupled soot model.

scholarly journals The influence of aliphatics on soot inception modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nemanja Ceranic
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Laminar Diffusion Flames ◽  
Laminar Diffusion ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Soot models have been investigated for several decades and many fundamental models exist that prescribe soot formation in agreement with experiments and theories. However, due to the complex nature of soot formation, not all pathways have been fully characterized. This work has numerically studied the influence that aliphatic based inception models have on soot formation for coflow laminar diffusion flames. CoFlame is the in-house parallelized FORTRAN code that was used to conduct this research. It solves the combustion fluid dynamic conservation equations for a variety of coflow laminar diffusion flames. New soot inception models have been developed for specific aliphatics in conjunction with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon based inception. The purpose of these models was not to be completely fundamental in nature, but more so a proof-of-concept in that an aliphatic based mechanism could account for soot formation deficiencies that exist with just PAH based inception. The aliphatic based inception models show potential to enhance predicative capability by increasing the prediction of the soot volume fraction along the centerline without degrading the prediction along the pathline of maximum soot. Additionally, the surface reactivity that was used to achieve these results lied closer in the range of numerically derived optimal values as compared to the surface reactivity that was needed to match peak soot concentrations without the aliphatic based inception models.

Development and Validation of a Partially Coupled Soot Model for Turbulent Kerosene Combustion in View of Application to Gas Turbines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijan Shahriari ◽  
Murray Thomson ◽  
Seth Dworkin
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Soot Precursors ◽  
Carbon Mass ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
By Products ◽  
Soot Model

Soot emissions are by-products of combustion that are well documented to have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Consequently, these emissions are becoming a target for stricter regulations. However, obstacles exist in the implementation of soot models in Computational Fluid Dynamics codes with complex geometry, such as ensuring carbon mass conservation as soot forms. This challenge is due to the thermochemistry interactions in turbulent codes being preprocessed (included in look-up tables), and not solved for directly. This study considers the development of a soot model for kerosene combustion. Coupling is introduced between the soot and gas phase by including nucleation rates within the flamelet library, and by adjusting the concentrations of key soot precursors through additional transport equations. Validation has been performed for turbulent coflow kerosene flames at pressures of 1 and 4.8 bar. This simplified model reasonably predicts the soot volume fraction without tuning of the inception rate.

scholarly journals Experimental and Numerical Study on the Sooting Behaviors of Furanic Biofuels in Laminar Counterflow Diffusion Flames

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5995
Author(s):  
Qianqian Mu ◽  
Fuwu Yan ◽  
Jizhou Zhang ◽  
Lei Xu ◽  
Yu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Counterflow Diffusion Flames ◽  
C3 Species ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Counterflow Flames

Furanic biofuels have received increasing research interest over recent years, due to their potential in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the production of harmful pollutants. Nevertheless, the heterocyclic structure in furans make them readily to produce soot, which requires an in-depth understanding. In this study, the sooting characteristic of several typical furanic biofuels, i.e., furan, 2-methylfuran (MF), and 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), were investigated in laminar counterflow flames. Combined laser-based soot measurements with numerical analysis were performed. Special focus was put on understanding how the fuel structure of furans could affect soot formation. The results show that furan has the lowest soot volume fraction, followed by DMF, while MF has the largest value. Kinetic analyses revealed that the decomposition of MF produces high amounts of C3 species, which are efficient benzene precursors. This may be the reason for the enhanced formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot in MF flames, as compared to DMF and furan flames. The major objectives of this work are to: (1) understand the sooting behavior of furanic fuels in counterflow flames, (2) elucidate the fuel structure effects of furans on soot formation, and (3) provide database of quantitative soot concentration for model validation and refinements.

Simulation of Soot Volume Fraction and Size in High-Pressure Lifted Flames Using Detailed Reaction Mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitralkumar V. Naik ◽  
Karthik V. Puduppakkam ◽  
Ellen Meeks
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Fuel Jet ◽  
Lifted Flames ◽  
Lift Off ◽  
Soot Model

A simulation study of high-pressure lifted flames in a constant-volume chamber has been conducted using detailed reaction mechanisms in CFD to investigate ignition times, flame lift-off lengths, soot production, and fuel effects. The fuels considered include n-heptane, a two-component surrogate fuel (SR), conventional U.S. No. 2 diesel (D2), and world-averaged jet fuel (Jet-A). Conditions for the flames are those of the experiments performed at Sandia National Laboratories; the n-heptane flame is labeled Spray H [Idicheria and Pickett, SAE 2005-01-3834], and the conditions for all other fuels studied are labeled Spray A [Kook and Pickett, SAE 2012-01-0678]. 3D CFD simulations have been performed using the FORTÉ CFD package. Complex fuels D2 and Jet-A have been modeled using multi-component surrogates. Detailed reaction mechanisms for fuel combustion and emissions formation have been used in the simulations. The size of the fuel mechanisms varied from 326 species to 1000 species for the different fuels. For soot predictions, two different models were used in the simulations: a detailed soot-surface mechanism and a seven-step phenomenological soot model. Both soot models were coupled with the fuel mechanism precursor predictions that included aromatics from benzene to pyrene. While using the detailed soot-surface mechanism, particulate (PM) size and number density were determined using the Method of Moments, which is implemented in the CFD software to calculate particle size distribution characteristics. Results show excellent prediction of flame location and ignition for all fuels. Location and magnitude of soot fractions in the various flames show good agreement with the published data. Both the phenomenological soot model and the detailed soot-surface mechanism estimated comparable soot fractions in all flames. In addition, PM size information was predicted using the detailed soot-surface mechanism. Impacts of fuel, temperature, pressure, and oxygen concentrations on combustion and soot fractions have been captured by the simulations.

scholarly journals The influence of aliphatics on soot inception modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nemanja Ceranic
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Formation ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Surface Reactivity ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Laminar Diffusion Flames ◽  
Laminar Diffusion ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Soot models have been investigated for several decades and many fundamental models exist that prescribe soot formation in agreement with experiments and theories. However, due to the complex nature of soot formation, not all pathways have been fully characterized. This work has numerically studied the influence that aliphatic based inception models have on soot formation for coflow laminar diffusion flames. CoFlame is the in-house parallelized FORTRAN code that was used to conduct this research. It solves the combustion fluid dynamic conservation equations for a variety of coflow laminar diffusion flames. New soot inception models have been developed for specific aliphatics in conjunction with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon based inception. The purpose of these models was not to be completely fundamental in nature, but more so a proof-of-concept in that an aliphatic based mechanism could account for soot formation deficiencies that exist with just PAH based inception. The aliphatic based inception models show potential to enhance predicative capability by increasing the prediction of the soot volume fraction along the centerline without degrading the prediction along the pathline of maximum soot. Additionally, the surface reactivity that was used to achieve these results lied closer in the range of numerically derived optimal values as compared to the surface reactivity that was needed to match peak soot concentrations without the aliphatic based inception models.

scholarly journals 3D mapping of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hydroxyl radicals, and soot volume fraction in sooting flames using FRAME technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devashish Chorey ◽  
Matthias Koegl ◽  
Prasad Boggavarapu ◽  
Florian J. Bauer ◽  
Lars Zigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Spatial Modulation ◽  
Light Extinction ◽  
3D Mapping ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Multiple Species

AbstractWe report the three-dimensional (3D) mapping of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), soot, and hydroxyl radicals (OH) in ethylene/air diffusion flames. A structured illumination-based frequency recognition algorithm for multiple exposures (FRAME) approach is combined with sample translation to intersect the flame in several two-dimensional planes. The FRAME technique has been used for recording a snapshot of multiple species on a single camera. It relies on extracting the amplitude of spatial modulation of two or more probed species encoded on a single sub-image. Here, the FRAME technique is first applied for simultaneous imaging of PAH by laser-induced fluorescence (PAH-LIF) and soot by laser-induced incandescence (LII). Sequentially, it is employed for simultaneous mapping of OH-LIF and soot-LII. The LII signal is converted to absolute soot volume fraction (fv) maps using a line-of-sight light extinction measurement. Finally, we have demonstrated the approach for layer-wise 2D imaging of soot volume fraction and averaged 3D mapping of multiple species.

Impact of the Reaction Mechanism Model on Soot Growth and Oxidation in Laminar and Turbulent Flames

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livia Tardelli ◽  
Benedetta Franzelli ◽  
Pedro Rodrigues ◽  
Nasser Darabiha
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Flames ◽  
Soot Volume Fraction ◽  
Turbulent Flames ◽  
Laminar Flames ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Model Gas Turbine Combustor ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Numerical prediction of soot production in turbulent flames is extremely challenging, as it involves complex physical and chemical processes whose modeling presents today many uncertainties. The modeling of soot growth and oxidation reactions is a key aspect for soot prediction accuracy, as it may greatly contribute to the soot mass yield as numerically observed by Rodrigues et al. [1] in a turbulent non-premixed ethylene-airflame. Surface reactions are commonly described by a HACA-based model that is known to provide good agreement with experimental data in laminar premixed flames, while failing the description of laminar diffusion flames. A modification of the HACA-RC model [2], which is an extended version of the original HACA mechanism [3], is proposed here based on the work of Hwang et al. [4] in order to obtain a soot model that performs reasonably well on both premixed and diffusion laminar flames. To assess its accurary validations are performed on different laminar flames by comparison with available experimental data. Then, the impact of such modification on the prediction of turbulent flames is evaluated by performing two Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a model gas turbine combustor using the new model and the reference HACA-RC model. The obtained results are compared to the experimental data in terms of soot volume fraction. Discrepancies between the two LES results are finally explained by analyzing the different source terms of soot production.

Diagnostics of metal samples using the results of experimental and theoretical study of positively charged microparticles formed upon sample destruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
D. A. Golentsov ◽  
A. G. Gulin ◽  
Vladimir A. Likhter ◽  
K. E. Ulybyshev
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Material Model ◽  
Total Charge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mechanical And Electrical Properties ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Using Data

Destruction of bodies is accompanied by formation of both large and microscopic fragments. Numerous experiments on the rupture of different samples show that those fragments carry a positive electric charge. his phenomenon is of interest from the viewpoint of its potential application to contactless diagnostics of the early stage of destruction of the elements in various technical devices. However, the lack of understanding the nature of this phenomenon restricts the possibility of its practical applications. Experimental studies were carried out using an apparatus that allowed direct measurements of the total charge of the microparticles formed upon sample rupture and determination of their size and quantity. The results of rupture tests of duralumin and electrical steel showed that the size of microparticles is several tens of microns, the particle charge per particle is on the order of 10–14 C, and their amount can be estimated as the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the sample at the point of discontinuity to the square of the microparticle size. A model of charge formation on the microparticles is developed proceeding from the experimental data and current concept of the electron gas in metals. The model makes it possible to determine the charge of the microparticle using data on the particle size and mechanical and electrical properties of the material. Model estimates of the total charge of particles show order-of-magnitude agreement with the experimental data.

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