Effects of human stature and muscle strength on the standing strategies: A computational biomechanical study

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (7) ◽  
pp. 674-685
Author(s):  
Mohammed N Ashtiani ◽  
Mahmood-Reza Azghani ◽  
Mohamad Parnianpour ◽  
Kinda Khalaf
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Tall Stature ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Hamstring Muscles

It has been hypothesized that the muscular efforts exerted during standing may be altered by changes in personal factors, such as the body stature and muscular strength. The goal of this work was to assess the contribution of leg muscles using a biomechanical model in different physical conditions and various initial postures. An optimized inverse dynamics model was employed to find the maximum muscular effort in 23,040 postures. The simulation results showed that mid-range knee flexion could help the healthy and strong individuals maintain balance, but those with weaker muscle strength required more knee flexion. Individuals of weak muscular constitution as well as those with tall stature are at the highest risk of imbalance/falling. The number of imbalanced postures due to deficits in the calf and hamstring muscles was reduced by 7.5 times by strengthening the whole body musculature. The calf and the hamstring muscles play a key role in balance regardless of stature.

Stability as a constraint in sagittal plane human force exertion modeling

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Carter J. Kerk ◽  
Don B. Chaffin ◽  
W. Monroe Keyserling
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Joint Center ◽  
Static Conditions ◽  
Stability Limits

The stability constraints of a two-dimensional static human force exertion capability model (2DHFEC) were evaluated with subjects of varying anthropometry and strength capabilities performing manual exertions. The biomechanical model comprehensively estimated human force exertion capability under sagittally symmetric static conditions using constraints from three classes: stability, joint muscle strength, and coefficient of friction. Experimental results showed the concept of stability must be considered with joint muscle strength capability and coefficient of friction in predicting hand force exertion capability. Information was gained concerning foot modeling parameters as they affect whole-body stability. Findings indicated that stability limits should be placed approximately 37 % the ankle joint center to the posterior-most point of the foot and 130 % the distance from the ankle joint center to the maximal medial protuberance (the ball of the foot). 2DHFEC provided improvements over existing models, especially where horizontal push/pull forces create balance concerns.

Gait Analysis Using Multibody Simulation Tools and Inverse Dynamics Procedures

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Jorge Ambro´sio
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Dynamics Analysis ◽  
Natural Coordinates ◽  
Kinematic Constraints ◽  
Biomechanical Models ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

The use of inverse dynamics methodologies for the evaluation of intersegmental reaction forces and the moments-of-force at the anatomical joints, in the framework of gait analysis, not only requires that appropriate biomechanical models are used but also that kinematic and kinetic data sets are available. This paper discusses the quality of the results of the inverse dynamics analysis with respect to the filtering procedures used and the kinematic consistency of the position, velocity and acceleration data. A three-dimensional whole body response biomechanical model based on a multibody formulation with natural coordinates is used. The model has 16 anatomical segments that are described using 33 rigid bodies in a total of 44 degrees-of-freedom. In biomechanical applications, one of the advantages of the current formulation is that the set of anatomical points used to reconstruct the spatial motion of the subject is also used to construct the set of natural coordinates that describe the biomechanical model itself. Based on the images collected by four synchronized video cameras, the three-dimensional trajectories of the anatomical points are reconstructed using standard photogrammetry techniques and Direct Linear Transformations. The trajectories obtained are then filtered in order to reduce the noise levels introduced during the reconstruction procedure using 2nd order Butterworth low-pass filters with properly chosen cut-off frequencies. The filtered data is used in the inverse dynamics analysis either directly or after being modified in order to ensure its consistency with the biomechanical model’s kinematic constraints. It is also shown that the use of velocities and accelerations consistent with the kinematic constraints or those obtained through the time derivatives of the spline interpolation curves of the reconstructed trajectories lead to similar results.

scholarly journals BONE HEALTH, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND LEAN MASS: RELATIONSHIPS AND EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-251
Author(s):  
Luciana Duarte Pimenta ◽  
Danilo Alexandre Massini ◽  
Daniel dos Santos ◽  
Camila Midori Takemoto Vasconcelos ◽  
Astor Reis Simionato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Study Results

ABSTRACT Although muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineral content/density (BMC/BMD) are consistently reported as major outcomes of resistance training (RT), there is still no agreement on the RT regimen that is capable of achieving this result in men and women of different ages. This study describes the effects of RT on muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineralization, highlighting the relationships between them and analyzing the effectiveness of the RT protocol. Information searches were conducted in open access online academic libraries, using the BMC/BMD indices combined with muscle strength, body composition, and resistance exercises. The results showed changes in BMC/BMD in 72% of the studies published in the last decade. Among these, 77% recommended loads ≥ 80% 1-RM, 61% involved older individuals (> 60 years) and 61% had planning protocols of between 3 and 5 months (~12-20 weeks). The results also highlight muscle strength as a promising index of variations in BMC/BMD, with a moderate to high level of association (r2>0.5), which are specific for men and women in relation to the body region with best responsiveness. Among the studies published in last decade, about 61% had protocols involving only RT, and of these, 82% observed combined changes in BMC/BMD, body composition and muscle strength. This review therefore concludes that RT is important for improving muscle strength, increasing lean mass (whole-body and regional) and preventing risk factors that could impair the mineral integrity of the bone tissue, in individuals of all ages and sexes. Level of Evidence I; Systematic review of Level I RCTs (and study results were homogenous).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE STRENGTH EFFECTS ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE USING DYNAMIC STABILIZATION EXERCISE DEVICE

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (09) ◽  
pp. 2040004
Author(s):  
KAP-SOO HAN ◽  
SEUNG-ROK KANG ◽  
TAE-KYU KWON
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Stabilization Exercise ◽  
Spine Stabilization ◽  
Exercise Effect ◽  
Inverse Dynamics Analysis

Muscle strength may vary depending on the pathological issues and static life habits. These conditions lead to abnormal spinal loads and change muscle strength as well as activation patterns, thereby causing spinal disorders. In this study, the effects of muscle strength on the spine stabilization exercise were analyzed using a whole-body tilt device. Musculoskeletal modeling was performed and the results were validated through a comparison with the electromyography (EMG) analysis results. Based on the validated basic model, modeling was performed for the whole-body tilt device. To examine the exercise effect and muscle activation while the maximum muscle force capacity (MFC) was varied from 30[Formula: see text]N/cm2 to 60[Formula: see text]N/cm2 and 90[Formula: see text]N/cm2, the muscle force was predicted through inverse dynamics analysis. When MFC was 30[Formula: see text]N/cm2, the posterior direction of the tilt could not be analyzed (no solution found). When MFC was 60[Formula: see text]N/cm2, it could be analyzed, but the muscle force was predicted to be higher compared to when MFC was 90[Formula: see text]N/cm2. It was confirmed that muscle strength is a very important element for maintaining postural activities and performing exercise. Therefore, for rehabilitation patients and elderly people with weak muscle strength, hard or extreme exercise may cause musculoskeletal injuries.

Mapping motor neurone activity to overt behaviour in the leech: internal pressures produced during locomotion.

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (6) ◽  
pp. 1415-1428 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J Wilson ◽  
B A Skierczynski ◽  
S Blackwood ◽  
R Skalak ◽  
W B Kristan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Motor Neurone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Biomechanical Property ◽  
Pressure Peak ◽  
Internal Volume ◽  
Elongation Phase

Several behaviour patterns have been studied in the leech at both the kinematic and neuronal levels. However, very little is known about how patterns of motor neurone activity map to actual movements. Internal pressure is an essential biomechanical property in this process, being responsible for producing the rigidity and posture that allow the directed delivery of forces produced by muscle contraction. To obtain a better understanding of the biomechanical processes involved in movement of the leech, we have measured the internal pressure of the animal by placing catheters through the body wall and into the gut of intact animals showing normal patterns of behaviour. Each type of behaviour had a characteristic pressure waveform. The elongation phase of crawling produced a rapid increase in pressure that peaked when midbody segments were maximally elongated. The pressure produced during the contraction phase of crawling depended on the type of crawl, only inchworm crawling producing a second peak. Whole-body shortening in response to a head poke also produced a pressure peak, but it had a faster rise time. Swimming produced the largest pressure, which was marked by a large sustained increase that fluctuated phasically with undulations of the body. Dual pressure recordings using two catheters demonstrated that pressure was not uniform along the length of the leech, indicating that the body cavity is functionally compartmentalised. Injecting fluid into the gut via a recording catheter allowed us to determine the effects of increasing internal volume on pressure. In line with previous predictions made using an abstract biomechanical model of the leech hydroskeleton, we found that an increase in the volume caused a reduction in the pressure. We are in the process of constructing a more realistic biomechanical model of the leech, based on actual data reported elsewhere. The results in this paper will provide key tests for refining these models.

Lifting Performed on Laterally Slanted Ground Surfaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (14) ◽  
pp. 1325-1329
Author(s):  
Zongliang Jiang ◽  
Gwanseob Shin ◽  
Jacklyn Freeman ◽  
Stephanie Reid ◽  
Gary A. Mirka
Keyword(s):  
Material Handling ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Slant Angle ◽  
Manual Material Handling ◽  
Lateral Forces ◽  
Outdoor Work ◽  
Biomechanical Responses

Many outdoor work environments (e.g. agriculture and construction) require manual material handling activities on variable grade ground surfaces. Quantifying biomechanical responses for lifting under these conditions may provide insight into the etiology of lifting-related injuries. The aim of the current study was to quantify the effect of laterally slanted ground surfaces on biomechanical responses. Ten subjects performed lifting exertions (using a 40% of max load) while standing on a platform that was laterally tilted at 0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees from horizontal. During the lifting tasks the whole body kinematics were collected, which were later used in a dynamic biomechanical model to calculate the time-dependent moment about L5/S1 and the time-dependent lateral forces acting on the body segments. The results showed a consistent reduction in the peak dynamic L5/S1 moment (decreased by 9%) and an increase in the lateral forces (increased by 111%) with increasing slant angle.

scholarly journals WOMEN’S FEMORAL MASS CONTENT CORRELATES TO MUSCLE STRENGTH INDEPENDENTLY OF LEAN BODY MASS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-489
Author(s):  
Luciana Duarte Pimenta ◽  
Danilo Alexandre Massini ◽  
Daniel Dos Santos ◽  
Leandro Oliveira Da Cruz Siqueira ◽  
Andrei Sancassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Regional Body Composition ◽  
Body Lean Mass

ABSTRACT Introduction There is limited consensus regarding the recommendation of the most effective form of exercise for bone integrity, despite the fact that weight training exercise promotes an increase in muscle mass and strength as recurrent responses. However, strength variations in women do not depend on muscle mass development as they do in men, but strength enhancement has shown the potential to alter bone mineral content (BMC) for both sexes. Objective This study analyzed the potential of muscle strength, as well as that of whole-body and regional body composition, to associate femoral BMC in young women. Methods Fifteen female college students (aged 24.9 ± 7.2 years) were assessed for regional and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Maximum muscle strength was assessed by the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test in the following exercises: bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LP), knee flexion (KF), knee extension (KE) and 45° leg press (45LP). Linear regression analyzed BMC relationships with regional composition and 1RM values. Dispersion and error measures (R 2 aj and SEE), were tested, defining p ≤0.05. Results Among body composition variables, only total lean body mass was associated with femoral BMC values (R 2 aj = 0.37, SEE = 21.3 g). Regarding strength values, 1RM presented determination potential on femoral BMC in the CE exercise (R 2 aj = 0.46, SEE = 21.3 g). Conclusions Muscle strength aptitude in exercises for femoral regions is relevant to the femoral mineralization status, having associative potential that is similar to and independent of whole-body lean mass. Therefore, training routines to increase muscle strength in the femoral region are recommended. In addition, increasing muscle strength in different parts of the body may augment bone remodeling stimulus, since it can effectively alter total whole-body lean mass. Level of Evidence II; Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients (with universally applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard).

A Simple and Inexpensive Clinical Whole Body Counter

1976 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
A. K. Basu ◽  
S. K. Guha ◽  
B. N. Tandon ◽  
M. M. Gupta ◽  
M. ML. Rehani
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Body Counter ◽  
Optimum Parameters ◽  
Whole Body Counter ◽  
Single Detector ◽  
Background Index ◽  
Iodide Crystal

SummaryThe conventional radioisotope scanner has been used as a whole body counter. The background index of the system is 10.9 counts per minute per ml of sodium iodide crystal. The sensitivity and derived sensitivity parameters have been evaluated and found to be suitable for clinical studies. The optimum parameters for a single detector at two positions above the lying subject have been obtained. It has been found that for the case of 131I measurement it is possible to assay a source located at any point in the body with coefficient of variation less than 5%. To add to the versatility, a fixed geometry for in-vitro counting of large samples has been obtained. The retention values obtained by the whole body counter have been found to correlate with those obtained by in-vitro assay of urine and stool after intravenous administration of 51Cr-albumin.

Experimental Production of the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Muscular Power Evaluation Device Using an Air-type Automatic Analysis System

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Shimotsuura ◽  
Hiroyuki Maezawa ◽  
Yoshiaki Omura
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ring Test ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Muscular Power ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Diagnosis Method

As Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (originated and founded by Prof. Y. Omura in New York, 1997-2020; follow as BDORT)is a diagnosis method that is carried out on the basic theory of the physiological phenomenon called the decline of muscular power of fingers, the examiner, and patients (or mediator) are demanded to do BDORT by constant regular power. Namely BDORT is a diagnosis method that estimates the relative muscular decline of the patients, so there is such a view that the results of BDORT are reflected by consciousness of the examiner. The authors used the ORT tester by using air system to avoid the influence of electromagnetic wave and evaluated the decline of the muscle strength and open degree of the O-ring shaped by the patients. Patients of the Shimotsuura Clinic are subjected and checked by direct BDORT method. When the patients shapes the O-Ring, staff members stimulated the parts of the body by plastic stick and push foot switch. Decline of the muscle strength & open degree was evaluated. When the open degree was more than 20%, stimulated points were evaluated as abnormal. Opposite side arm of the O-Ring shaped arm was checked as control. The results of the direct BDORT method between ORT evaluation apparatus and the patient was consistent with the results of the indirect method of BDORT method between the doctor and the assistant. Even where the patients complain of ill, the muscle strength was declined and opened the O-Ring by using ORT evaluation apparatus. Especially in the parts of the strong response of Integrin α5β1 checked by the doctor, the muscle strength decreased and the open degree was much higher than other parts of the body. Patients could experience of BDORT by numeral objective evaluation of the decline of the muscle strength by using ORT evaluation apparatus.

CHARACTERISTICS OF POST-FLIGHT MUSCLE STRENGTH AND VELOCITY DYNAMICS IN COSMONAUTS AS A FUNCTION OF WEIGHT LOADING DURING LONG-TERM SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
E.V. Fomina ◽  
◽  
T.B. Kukoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Training Device ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Weight Loading

Testing of 25 cosmonauts showed that the amount of resistance training weight loading in long-term space mission influences dynamics of the leg-muscle strength and velocity recovery. On Earth, the loads equal from 70 to 130 % of the body mass is sufficient for keeping up endurance and maximum strength moments of shin and thigh muscles. In the group of cosmonauts who had not used the strength training device or chosen loads less than 30 % of the body mass the leg-muscle maximum strength and thigh endurance were decreased substantially on day 4 of return and all the more by day 15 back on Earth.

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