CHARACTERISTICS OF POST-FLIGHT MUSCLE STRENGTH AND VELOCITY DYNAMICS IN COSMONAUTS AS A FUNCTION OF WEIGHT LOADING DURING LONG-TERM SPACE MISSIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
E.V. Fomina ◽  
◽  
T.B. Kukoba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Strength ◽  
Training Device ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Weight Loading

Testing of 25 cosmonauts showed that the amount of resistance training weight loading in long-term space mission influences dynamics of the leg-muscle strength and velocity recovery. On Earth, the loads equal from 70 to 130 % of the body mass is sufficient for keeping up endurance and maximum strength moments of shin and thigh muscles. In the group of cosmonauts who had not used the strength training device or chosen loads less than 30 % of the body mass the leg-muscle maximum strength and thigh endurance were decreased substantially on day 4 of return and all the more by day 15 back on Earth.

Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Performance of an Elite Shot-Putter

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Terzis ◽  
Thomas Kyriazis ◽  
Giorgos Karampatsos ◽  
Giorgos Georgiadis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Repetition Maximum ◽  
Shot Put

Purpose:Although muscle mass and strength are thought to be closely related to throwing performance, there are few scientific data about these parameters in elite shot-putters. The purpose of this case report was to present longitudinal data for muscle strength and body composition in relation to performance of an elite male shot-putter.Methods:A male national champion with the best rotational shot-put performance of 20.36 m (in 2010) was followed from 2003 to 2011 (current age: 29 y). Data regarding body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), as well as 1-repetition-maximum muscle strength (bench press, squat, snatch) and rotational shot-put performance, were collected every February for the last 9 y, 4 wk before the national indoor championship event.Results:The athlete’s personal-best performances in squat, bench press, and snatch were 175 kg, 210 kg, and 112.5 kg, respectively. His peak total lean body mass was 92.4 kg, bone mineral density 1.55 g/cm2, and lowest body fat 12.9%. His shot-put performance over these 9 years was significantly correlated with 1-repetition-maximum squat strength (r = .93, P < .01), bench press (r = .87, P < .01), and snatch (r = .92, P < .01). In contrast, shot-put performance was not significantly correlated with any of the body-composition parameters.Conclusions:The results of this case study suggest that elite rotational shot-put performance may not be directly correlated with lean body mass. Instead, it seems that it is closely related with measures of muscle strength.

Microbial Observatory Research in the International Space Station and Japanese Experiment Module “Kibo”

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Shirakawa ◽  
◽  
Fumiaki Tanigaki ◽  
Takashi Yamazaki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Space Station ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
International Space ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Experiment Module

The International Space Station (ISS) is a completely closed environment that offers a long-term microgravity environment. It is a unique environment where microbes can fly and attach themselves to devices or humans, especially the exposed parts of the body and head. The ongoing monitoring and analysis of microbes and their movement inside the Japanese Experiment Module (named “Kibo”) of the ISS are intended to study the effects of microbes on humans and prevent health hazards caused by microbes during a long-term space mission. This paper describes the current status and future plan of Japanese microbiological experiments to monitor microbial dynamics in Kibo. It also describes the future prospective and prioritized microbiological research areas based on the “Kibo utilization scenario towards 2020 in the field of life science.” Given the microbial research in space being actively conducted by the USA, NASA and international activities are also reported.

scholarly journals Assessment of respiratory muscle strength in children according to the classification of body mass index

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Jung da Rosa ◽  
Camila Isabel S. Schivinski
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
School Children ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Strength ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the respiratory muscle strength among eutrophic, overweight and obese school children, as well as to identify anthropometric and respiratory variables related to the results.METHODS: Cross-sectional survey with healthy schoolchildren aged 7-9 years old, divided into three groups: Normal weight, Overweight and Obese. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was applied. The body mass index (BMI) was evaluated, as well as the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) with a portable digital device. The maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP) were measured by a digital manometer. Comparisons between the groups were made by Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlations among the variables.RESULTS: MIP of eutrophic school children was higher than MIP found in overweight (p=0.043) and obese (p=0.013) children. MIP was correlated with BMI percentile and weight classification (r=-0.214 and r=-0.256) and MEP was correlated with height (r=0.328). Both pressures showed strong correlation with each other in all analyses (r≥0.773), and less correlation with FEV1 (MIP - r=0.362 and MEP - r=0.494). FEV1 correlated with MEP in all groups (r: 0.429 - 0.569) and with MIP in Obese Group (r=0.565). Age was correlated with FEV1 (r=0.578), MIP (r=0.281) and MEP (r=0.328).CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obese children showed lower MIP values, compared to eutrophic ones. The findings point to the influence of anthropometric variables on respiratory muscle strength in children.

scholarly journals Muscle Strength in Transgender Women After Long-Term Hormone Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A792-A793
Author(s):  
Leonardo A M Alvares ◽  
Marcelo R Santos ◽  
Francis Ribeiro Souza ◽  
Lívia Marcela Santos ◽  
Henrique A Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Oxidation Mechanism ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Introduction: Cisgender women (CW) are usually weaker than cisgender men (CM), but when the strength is expressed in relation to the body weight (BW) or fat free mass (FFM) it is observed that the difference disappears what suggests that the innate qualities of the muscle and its motor control mechanisms are similar in CW and CM. The effects of prior exposure to testosterone during puberty on the performance of transgender women (TW) undergoing physical effort are not well known. Objective: To evaluate muscular strength of TW in long-term gender affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 8 TW (average age of 34.0 yo, SD ±4.8), 8 CM and 8 CW matched by age and body mass index (BMI). All TW were non-gonadectomized subjects and were in estrogen plus cyproterone acetate therapy (average time of 15.6 years (SD ±8.7) of treatment). Mean total testosterone (ng/dL) levels of TW, CW and CM were 83.5, 20.5 and 480.5 at the time of the study, respectively. Hemoglobin levels of TW, CW and CM were 14,2 (range 13,5-14,9), 14,35 (range 12,8-14,7) and 15,35 (range 14,0-18,2), respectively BC was assessed by InBody 720. Handgrip strength tests were carried out using the Stoelting hand-held hydraulic dynamometer. Results: The mean maximum strength was 31,9 kg (SD±2.4) in TW, 29.2 kg (SD±4.4) in CW, and 47.5 (SD±8.6) in CM (TWvs.CW p=0.0743; TWxCM p&lt;0.0018; CWvsCM p&lt;0.001). Free fat mass (FFM) of TW was 55.56±6.88 kg, CW 38.98±4,09 kg, CM 64,98±6,29 kg (TWvsCW p&lt;0,0001; TWvsCM p=0,024; CWvsCM p&lt;0,0001). In the evaluation Median Strength/FFM, a mean of 0.54 was observed in the TW group, and 0.76 in the CW and CM (TWvsCW p=0.0157 and TWvsCM p=0.036, CWvsCM p&gt;0.9999). Discussion: The expression of muscle strength/FFM is the same in CM and CW, which suggests that the innate quality of the muscles as well as their motor control is similar in these groups, as showed in many data in the literature. However, the analysis of this ratio in TW showed a significant lower rate than the other groups. Conclusion: After GAHT muscle strength of TW is equal of CW. There is a decrease in the functionality of the muscular unit in producing strength in this group of TWs since strength decreased disproportionately to muscle mass which leads us to believe that there are important functional changes in intracellular oxidation mechanism.

Long-term trends in the body mass index and obesity risk in Estonia: an age–period–cohort approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 859-869
Author(s):  
Rainer Reile ◽  
Aleksei Baburin ◽  
Tatjana Veideman ◽  
Mall Leinsalu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Obesity Risk ◽  
Long Term Trends
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