Evaluation of Kraft pulp yield and syringyl/guaiacyl ratio from standing trees (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. urophylla, Leucaena leucocephala and Casuarina junghuhniana) using portable near infrared spectroscopy

Measurement of pulpwood traits from a standing tree has considerable advantage when screening large populations for tree selection. It reduces time and also eliminates requirements of transport, powdering, and storing the sample. This study describes estimation of Kraft pulp yield (KPY) in Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. urophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, and Casuarina junghuhniana by portable NIR spectroscopy of standing trees. Calibration models were developed for KPY estimation using portable NIR spectroscopy for the four species, along with a calibration model for syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in E. camaldulensis. The calibration models for KPY showed R2 values ranging from 0.93 ( E. camaldulensis) to 0.83 ( L. leucocephala), and 0.95 for S/G ratio. The developed calibration models for E. camaldulensis and L. leucocephala were compared with laboratory NIR models, and a variation of <±2.0% was found between both methods. The models were validated by both external and cross validation which showed <2.0% RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) and <2.0% RMECV (root mean square error of cross validation) in external and cross validations, respectively.

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On the selection of samples for multivariate regression analysis: application to near-infrared (NIR) calibration models for the prediction of pulp yield in Eucalyptus nitens

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x08-099 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 2626-2634 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Christian R. Mora ◽

Laurence R. Schimleck

Keyword(s):

Spectral Data ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Sample Selection ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Eucalyptus Nitens ◽

Calibration Models ◽

Calibration Sets ◽

Measured Property

The effects of using reduced calibration sets on the development of near-infrared (NIR) calibration models for the prediction of kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus nitens (Dean & Maiden) Maiden trees were explored. Three selection techniques based on NIR spectral data (CADEX (computer-aided design of experiments), DUPLEX, and SELECT algorithms) and one selection method based on a measured property (RANKING algorithm) were used for analysis and compared against a model using all data. The effect of using calibration sets of different sizes was also evaluated. All sample-selection methods resulted in models of similar performance compared with the model fitted using all samples. For calibration purposes, RANKING selection resulted in models with the lowest errors of cross-validation, followed by the DUPLEX, CADEX, and SELECT methods. In terms of validation, the SELECT and CADEX methods resulted in lower errors of prediction compared with the DUPLEX and RANKING algorithms. In general, cross-validation and prediction errors decreased as the number of calibration samples increased. These results show that it is possible to obtain adequate NIR calibration models with a reduced number of samples allowing the remaining samples to be used for model validation and that sample selection based on NIR spectral data alone is as successful as selection based on a measured property.

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Assessment of the Pulpwood Quality of Standing Trees Using near Infrared Spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.178 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 6 (A) ◽

pp. A117-A123 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

L. R. Schimleck ◽

A. J. Michell ◽

C. A. Raymond ◽

A. Muneri

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tree Breeding ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Calibration Model ◽

Standing Trees ◽

Sampling Height ◽

Individual Trees ◽

Whole Tree

In Australia, considerable effort has been directed at improving the pulp yield of plantation grown trees through tree breeding programs. However, an improvement in pulp yield relies on the assessment of large numbers of trees. Traditional methods of assessment are expensive, time consuming and destructive, inhibiting their use. Cores can be extracted non-destructively from standing trees using TRECOR, a handheld motor driven drill. The cores are milled, their near-infrared spectra obtained and pulp yield estimated using an appropriate calibration model. The height at which the core is taken is very important. It must represent the whole tree and sampling must be easy and practical. The longitudinal and radial (within-tree) variation of pulp yield for 15 Eucalyptus nitens trees was examined using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The trees were taken from three families (five trees per family) selected for giving high, medium and low pulp yields respectively. Three trees (one from each family) were examined in detail. Maps of within-tree variation of pulp yield were developed. Pulp yield was found to be highly variable within individual trees and between trees of the same family. The yield of samples from 10% of tree height (approximately 2.2 m) gave the best correlation with whole-tree yield. Samples from 5% of tree height (approximately 1.1 m) gave a slightly lower correlation but provided a more convenient sampling height. Ten Eucalyptus globulus and ten E. nitens trees growing on five sites in Australia were used to examine the longitudinal variation of pulp yield. Trees from sites in Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria were sampled. The optimal sampling height for E. globulus was 1.1 m. No single sampling height could be recommended for E. nitens due to large site effects.

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CHEMOMETRIC ASSISTED QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF VITEXIN IN ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BINAHONG (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN.) STEENIS) LEAVES

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020v12i6.39248 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 69-75

Author(s):

OCTAVIANUS BUDI SANTOSA ◽

MICHAEL RAHARJA GANI ◽

SRI HARTATI YULIANI

Keyword(s):

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Mean Square Error ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Multivariate Calibration ◽

Data Sets ◽

Calibration Data ◽

Mean Square ◽

Calibration Models ◽

Pcr Method

Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a UV spectroscopy method in combination with multivariate analysis for determining vitexin in binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves extract. Methods: The partial least square (PLS) regression and the principal component regression (PCR) was performed in this study to evaluate several statistical performances such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and relative error of prediction (REP). Cross-validation in this study was performed using leave one out technique. Results: The R2 values of calibration data sets resulted from PLS and PCR method were 0.9675 and 0.9648, respectively. The low values of RMSEC and RMSECV both for PLS and PCR method indicated the minimum error of the calibration models. The R2 values of validation data sets resulted from PLS and PCR method were 0.9778 and 0.9820, respectively. The low values of RMSEP both for PLS and PCR method indicated the minimum error of prediction generated from the calibration data sets. Multivariate calibration techniques were applied to determine the content of vitexin in binahong leaves extract. Predicted values from the multivariate calibration models were compared to the actual values determined from a validated HPLC method. It was found that PLS models resulted in the lowest REP values compared to the PCR models. Conclusion: The chemometrics technique can be applied as an alternative method for determining vitexin levels in the ethanol solution of binahong leaves extract.

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Estimation of whole-tree kraft pulp yield of Eucalyptus nitens using near-infrared spectra collected from increment cores

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-193 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (12) ◽

pp. 2797-2805 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Laurence R Schimleck ◽

Peter D Kube ◽

Carolyn A Raymond ◽

Anthony J Michell ◽

Jim French

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Eucalyptus Nitens ◽

Increment Core ◽

Traditional Assessment ◽

Shining Gum ◽

A Site ◽

Whole Tree

Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden (shining gum) is widely grown for kraft pulp production. Improving the kraft pulp yield of E. nitens increases plantation profitability but traditional assessment is slow and expensive, which hinders improvement. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid and inexpensive method for estimating pulp yield, but studies have been limited to estimating whole-tree pulp yield using whole-tree composite samples obtained destructively. For whole-tree pulp-yield calibrations to be used non-destructively they must be applied to increment cores. In this study we used a Tasmanian E. nitens whole-tree pulp yield calibration to estimate the whole-tree pulp yields of trees from a site not included in the calibration. This was done using NIR spectra from increment cores and whole-tree composite chips. Predictions of whole-tree pulp yield based on increment cores were better than those obtained using whole-tree composite chips. The accuracy of pulp-yield predictions was greatly improved by adding a small number of prediction-set samples to the calibration sets. Calibrations for estimating whole-tree pulp yield were also obtained using NIR spectra from milled cores and whole-tree composite chips. The calibrations had similar statistics, indicating that it is possible to obtain calibrations for estimating whole-tree pulp yield based on increment-core NIR spectra.

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Predicting intramuscular fat, moisture and Warner-Bratzler shear force in pork muscle using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc20055 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 111-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

N. Barlocco ◽

A. Vadell ◽

F. Ballesteros ◽

G. Galietta ◽

D. Cozzolino

Keyword(s):

Shear Force ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Intramuscular Fat ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Infrared Reflectance ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Calibration Models ◽

Intact Muscle

AbstractPartial least-squares (PLS) models based on visible (Vis) and near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy data were explored to predict intramuscular fat (IMF), moisture and Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in pork muscles (m. longissimus thoracis) using two sample presentations, namely intact and homogenized. Samples were scanned using a NIR monochromator instrument (NIRSystems 6500, 400 to 2500 nm). Due to the limited number of samples available, calibration models were developed and evaluated using full cross validation. The PLS calibration models developed using homogenized samples and raw spectra yielded a coefficient of determination in calibration (R2) and standard error of cross validation (SECV) for IMF (R2=0·87; SECV=1·8 g/kg), for moisture (R2=0·90; SECV=1·1 g/kg) and for WBSF (R2=0·38; SECV=9·0 N/cm). Intact muscle presentation gave poorer PLS calibration models for IMF and moisture (R2<0·70), however moderate good correlation was found for WBSF (R2=0·64; SECV=8·5 N/cm). Although few samples were used, the results showed the potential of Vis-NIR to predict moisture and IMF using homogenized pork muscles and WBSF in intact samples.

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Evaluation of salt content of curry soup containing coconut milk by near infrared spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1177/0967033518782781 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ekkapong Cheevitsopon ◽

Panmanas Sirisomboon

Keyword(s):

Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Root Mean Square Error ◽

Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Salt Content ◽

Coconut Milk ◽

Mean Square ◽

Test Set ◽

Calibration Models

A feasibility study was performed to assess whether near infrared spectroscopy could evaluate the salt content of curry soup containing coconut milk. The soup samples were from the mixing tank, a water content adjusted tank, the ultra-high temperature pipe, and laminated containers of a food processor plant. In addition, fish sauce adjusted samples made from the same recipe but with increasing or decreasing (±30%, 60%, and 90%) sauce content were prepared. There were 113 samples in total, which were scanned using a Fourier-transform near infrared spectrometer. The prediction models for salt content were established using near infrared spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares regression. Calibration models developed using all of the samples were validated using leave-one-out cross validation and test set validation. The unadjusted sample models were validated using test set validation. The results showed that both validation methods for the calibration models using all of the samples provided similar model performance where the r2, root mean square error of calibration/root mean square error of prediction, and residual predictive deviation were 0.956, 0.065%, and 4.77 for cross validation and 0.954, 0.064%, and 4.64 for the test set, respectively. However, the salt unadjusted sample model showed better performance where the r2, RMSEP, and RPD were respectively 0.963, 0.043%, and 5.23, indicating that excellent models can be developed to determine the salt content of curry soup containing coconut milk for any applications, including quality assurance.

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Effects of Specific Gravity and Wood Chemical Content on the Pulp Yield of Loblolly Pine

TAPPI Journal ◽

10.32964/tj8.4.31 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 31-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

DAVID E. WHITE ◽

CHARLES COURCHENE ◽

THOMAS MCDONOUGH ◽

LAURIE SCHIMLECK ◽

DAVID JONES ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Kraft Pulp ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Wood Specific Gravity ◽

Pine Trees ◽

Chemical Content

We quantified the effects of wood density (chip specific gravity) and wood chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) on the kraft pulp yield of 13-year-old loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) grown as part of a genetic selection study. Both bleachable (kappa No. 30) and linerboard grade (kappa No. 100) pulps were made from 18 trees selected for combinations of wood specific gravity and cellulose:hemicellulose:lignin ratios. Statistical analysis indicated that digester pulp yield correlated significantly with wood xylan content and cellulose-to-lignin ratio but was not strongly correlated to wood specific gravity. Near infrared (NIR) spectra were collected from wood samples and correlated with the total kraft pulp yields. The analyses for both kappa No. 30 and kappa No. 100 pulps provided strong calibration statistics, suggesting that papermakers can use NIR spectroscopy to esti-mate the bleachable and linerboard grade pulp yields of P. taeda whole-tree samples.

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Wood and Pulping Properties Variation of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Sampling Strategies for Accurate Phenotyping

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11101043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1043 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gustavo Salgado Martins ◽

Muhammad Yuliarto ◽

Rudine Antes ◽

Sabki ◽

Agung Prasetyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Basic Density ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Tree Level ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Sampling Strategies ◽

Glucose Content ◽

Acacia Crassicarpa ◽

G Ratio ◽

Whole Tree

Research Highlights: This study provides a comprehensive set of wood and pulping properties of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. to assess variation and efficient sampling strategies for whole-tree level phenotyping. Background and Objectives: A. crassicarpa is an important tree species in Southeast Asia, with limited knowledge about its wood properties. The objective of this study was to characterize important wood properties and pulping performance of improved germplasm of the species. Furthermore, we investigated within-tree patterns of variation and evaluated the efficiency of phenotyping strategies. Materials and Methods: Second-generation progeny trials were studied, where forty 50-month-old trees were selected for destructive sampling and assessed for wood density, kraft pulp yield, α-cellulose, carbohydrate composition, and lignin content and composition (S/G ratio). We estimated the phenotypic correlations among traits determined within-tree longitudinal variation and its importance for whole-tree level phenotyping. Results: The mean whole-tree disc basic density was 481 kg/m3, and the screened kraft pulp yield was 53.8%. The reliabilities of each sampling position to predict whole-tree properties varied with different traits. For basic density, pulp yield, and glucose content, the ground-level sampling could reliably predict the whole-tree property. With near infrared reflectance spectroscopy predictions as an indirect measurement method for disc basic density, we verified reduced reliability values for breast height sampling but sufficiently correlated to allow accurate ranking and efficient selection of genotypes in a breeding program context. Conclusions: We demonstrated the quality of A. crassicarpa as a wood source for the pulping industry. The wood and pulping traits have high levels of phenotypic variation, and standing tree sampling strategies can be performed for both ranking and high-accuracy phenotyping purposes.

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Use of FT-NIR Spectroscopy for Bovine Colostrum Analysis

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb200675010057 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 57-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. Navrátilová ◽

L. Hadra ◽

M. Dračková ◽

B. Janštová ◽

L. Vorlová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transformation ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Cross Validation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Bovine Colostrum ◽

Total Solids ◽

Calibration Models ◽

Spectral Ranges ◽

Pls Method

Fourier transformation near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) in combination with partial least squares (PLS) method were used to determine the content of total solids, fat, non-fatty solids, lactose and proteins in bovine colostrum. Spectra of 90 samples were measured in the reflectance mode with a transflectance cuvette in the 10000-4000 cm-1 spectral ranges with 100 scans. Calibration was performed and statistical values of correlation coefficients (R) and standard error of calibration values (SEC) were computed for total solids (0.986 and 0.919, respectively), fat (0.997 and 0.285, respectively), non-fatty solids (0.995 and 0.451, respectively), lactose (0.934 and 0.285, respectively) and protein (0.999 and 0.149, respectively). The calibration models developed were verified by cross validation. It follows from the study that FT-NIR spectroscopy can be used to determine the components of bovine colostrum.

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Genetic improvement of kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus nitens using cellulose content determined by near infrared spectroscopy

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x04-119 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 2363-2370 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Laurence R Schimleck ◽

Peter D Kube ◽

Carolyn A Raymond

Keyword(s):

Kraft Pulp ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Tree Breeding ◽

Pulp Yield ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Direct Measure ◽

Eucalyptus Nitens ◽

Wet Chemistry ◽

Genetic Gains

Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden (shining gum) is widely grown for kraft pulp production in many cool temperate regions of the world. Improving the kraft pulp yield of this species is important for increasing plantation profitability, but traditional assessment is slow and expensive. Cellulose content, which is strongly correlated with pulp yield, has been used as an alternative in tree breeding programs. However, a direct measure of cellulose content still relies on wet chemistry, limiting the number of samples that can be processed and the subsequent gains that can be made in a tree breeding program. An indirect method such as near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a large increase in the numbers of samples that can be analysed. In this study, the genetic gains in cellulose content of E. nitens were compared using cellulose content, determined using wet chemistry and predicted by NIR calibrations based on different sampling intensities. Genetic gains based on NIR-predicted cellulose content were high, and a large proportion of the gain was achievable using a direct measure of cellulose. Calibrations were robust and generally could be reliably used across sites. NIR-predicted cellulose is highly heritable, with heritabilities comparable to or better than direct measures of cellulose.

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