scholarly journals Wood and Pulping Properties Variation of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. and Sampling Strategies for Accurate Phenotyping

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Salgado Martins ◽  
Muhammad Yuliarto ◽  
Rudine Antes ◽  
Sabki ◽  
Agung Prasetyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Acacia Crassicarpa ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Whole Tree

Research Highlights: This study provides a comprehensive set of wood and pulping properties of Acacia crassicarpa A.Cunn. ex Benth. to assess variation and efficient sampling strategies for whole-tree level phenotyping. Background and Objectives: A. crassicarpa is an important tree species in Southeast Asia, with limited knowledge about its wood properties. The objective of this study was to characterize important wood properties and pulping performance of improved germplasm of the species. Furthermore, we investigated within-tree patterns of variation and evaluated the efficiency of phenotyping strategies. Materials and Methods: Second-generation progeny trials were studied, where forty 50-month-old trees were selected for destructive sampling and assessed for wood density, kraft pulp yield, α-cellulose, carbohydrate composition, and lignin content and composition (S/G ratio). We estimated the phenotypic correlations among traits determined within-tree longitudinal variation and its importance for whole-tree level phenotyping. Results: The mean whole-tree disc basic density was 481 kg/m3, and the screened kraft pulp yield was 53.8%. The reliabilities of each sampling position to predict whole-tree properties varied with different traits. For basic density, pulp yield, and glucose content, the ground-level sampling could reliably predict the whole-tree property. With near infrared reflectance spectroscopy predictions as an indirect measurement method for disc basic density, we verified reduced reliability values for breast height sampling but sufficiently correlated to allow accurate ranking and efficient selection of genotypes in a breeding program context. Conclusions: We demonstrated the quality of A. crassicarpa as a wood source for the pulping industry. The wood and pulping traits have high levels of phenotypic variation, and standing tree sampling strategies can be performed for both ranking and high-accuracy phenotyping purposes.

Genetic control of kraft pulp yield in Eucalyptus globulus

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 917-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond J. Stackpole ◽  
René E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Geoffrey M. Downes ◽  
Christopher E. Harwood ◽  
Brad M. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Selection Gradients ◽  
Economic Worth

Pulp yield is an important breeding objective for Eucalyptus globulus Labill., but evaluation of its genetic control and genetic correlations with other traits has been limited by its high assessment cost. We used near infrared spectroscopy to study genetic variation in pulp yield and other traits in a 16-year-old E. globulus trial. Pulp yield was predicted for 2165 trees from 467 open-pollinated families from 17 geographic subraces. Significant differences between subraces and between families within subraces were detected for all traits. The high pulp yield of southern Tasmanian subraces suggested that their economic worth was previously underestimated. The narrow-sense heritability of pulp yield was medium (0.40). The significant positive genetic correlation between pulp yield and diameter (0.52) was at odds with the generally neutral values reported. The average of the reported genetic correlations between pulp yield and basic density (0.50) was also at odds with our nonsignificant estimate. Pulp yield of the subraces increased with increasing latitude, producing a negative correlation with density (–0.58). The absence of genetic correlations within subraces between pulp yield and density suggests that the correlation may be an independent response of the two traits to the same or different selection gradients that vary with latitude.

Effect of fertilizer on wood properties of Eucalyptus globulus

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Raymond ◽  
A Muneri
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Tree Growth Rate ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
P Fertilizers

The effects of N and P fertilizers applied to Eucalyptus globulus Labill. at plantation establishment on basic density, fibre length, fibre coarseness, predicted pulp yield, and N and P concentration in the wood were examined by sampling four fertilizer factorial trials: three in Victoria and one in Western Australia. Treatments sampled were control, maximum levels of N and P by themselves and combined. Growth responses varied across sites with significant growth responses at the Victorian sites but no response at the Western Australian site. An interaction was suggested between rainfall and the effects of the fertilizer; wood properties at the drier sites were detrimentally affected by fertilizer but there was little effect at the wetter sites. On the two drier sites, application of both N and P, alone or in combination, resulted in changes in density, shorter fibres, and slightly lower predicted pulp yield. Addition of both N and P increased the levels of these nutrients in the wood at the three Victorian sites. Changes occurred in wood properties in the absence of growth responses to the applied fertilizer indicating that these changes were not induced by changing tree growth rate.

Development of near infrared reflectance analysis calibrations for estimating genetic parameters for cellulose content in Eucalyptus globulus

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Raymond ◽  
L R Schimleck
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Reflectance Analysis

Determining kraft pulp yield in the traditional way is slow and expensive, limiting the numbers of samples that may be processed. An alternative is to use a secondary standard, such as cellulose content of the wood, which is strongly correlated with kraft pulp yield. The feasibility and efficiency of predicting cellulose content using near infrared reflectance (NIR) analysis was examined for Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Calibrations for NIR prediction of cellulose content indicated that NIR analysis could be used as a reliable predictor. Standard errors of calibration were 1% or lower, and there was excellent agreement between laboratory and predicted cellulose values. Cellulose content was under moderate genetic control (h2 ranging from 0.32 to 0.57), and genetic correlations with tree diameter and basic density were variable (ranging from –0.11 to –0.51 and –0.33 to 0.67, respectively). The advantages, disadvantages, and potential applications of NIR analysis for predicting cellulose content are examined.

Evaluation of Kraft pulp yield and syringyl/guaiacyl ratio from standing trees (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. urophylla, Leucaena leucocephala and Casuarina junghuhniana) using portable near infrared spectroscopy

2022 ◽  
pp. 096703352110636
Author(s):  
Payyavula Ramadevi ◽  
Rathinam Kamalakannan ◽  
Ganapathy P Suraj ◽  
Deepak V Hegde ◽  
Mohan Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Calibration Models ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
G Ratio

Measurement of pulpwood traits from a standing tree has considerable advantage when screening large populations for tree selection. It reduces time and also eliminates requirements of transport, powdering, and storing the sample. This study describes estimation of Kraft pulp yield (KPY) in Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. urophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, and Casuarina junghuhniana by portable NIR spectroscopy of standing trees. Calibration models were developed for KPY estimation using portable NIR spectroscopy for the four species, along with a calibration model for syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio in E. camaldulensis. The calibration models for KPY showed R2 values ranging from 0.93 ( E. camaldulensis) to 0.83 ( L. leucocephala), and 0.95 for S/G ratio. The developed calibration models for E. camaldulensis and L. leucocephala were compared with laboratory NIR models, and a variation of <±2.0% was found between both methods. The models were validated by both external and cross validation which showed <2.0% RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) and <2.0% RMECV (root mean square error of cross validation) in external and cross validations, respectively.

Estimation of whole-tree kraft pulp yield of Eucalyptus nitens using near-infrared spectra collected from increment cores

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2797-2805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R Schimleck ◽  
Peter D Kube ◽  
Carolyn A Raymond ◽  
Anthony J Michell ◽  
Jim French
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Eucalyptus Nitens ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Traditional Assessment ◽  
Shining Gum ◽  
A Site ◽  
Whole Tree

Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden (shining gum) is widely grown for kraft pulp production. Improving the kraft pulp yield of E. nitens increases plantation profitability but traditional assessment is slow and expensive, which hinders improvement. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy provides a rapid and inexpensive method for estimating pulp yield, but studies have been limited to estimating whole-tree pulp yield using whole-tree composite samples obtained destructively. For whole-tree pulp-yield calibrations to be used non-destructively they must be applied to increment cores. In this study we used a Tasmanian E. nitens whole-tree pulp yield calibration to estimate the whole-tree pulp yields of trees from a site not included in the calibration. This was done using NIR spectra from increment cores and whole-tree composite chips. Predictions of whole-tree pulp yield based on increment cores were better than those obtained using whole-tree composite chips. The accuracy of pulp-yield predictions was greatly improved by adding a small number of prediction-set samples to the calibration sets. Calibrations for estimating whole-tree pulp yield were also obtained using NIR spectra from milled cores and whole-tree composite chips. The calibrations had similar statistics, indicating that it is possible to obtain calibrations for estimating whole-tree pulp yield based on increment-core NIR spectra.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation of Physical and Chemical Wood Properties of Eucalyptus globulus

2005 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Apiolaza ◽  
C. A. Raymond ◽  
B. J. Yeo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Wood Processing

Abstract This study considered the degree of genetic variation for diameter (DBH), basic density (BD), predicted pulp yield (PPY), fibre length (FL), microfibril angle (MFA) and cellulose content (CC) amongst eight subraces of Eucalyptus globulus growing in a field trial in NW Tasmania. There were significant subrace effects for BD, FL and CC. This variation affected the relative profitability of the subraces for pulp production. On average, the most profitable subraces (on NPV/ha over the base population mean) were Strzelecki Ranges ($862.04), Western Otways ($657.80) and Strzelecki Foothills ($576.81). The genetic control (heritability) of variation in DBH, FL and MFA was moderate (0.15 < h2< 0.27), while control for BD, PPY and CC was high (h2> 0.40). Genetic correlations between growth and wood properties were not statistically significant, except for DBHMFA (-0.86). Most genetic correlations amongst wood properties were outside the parametric space (< -1 or >1), but there were significant correlations between BDMFA (-0.70) and PPY-CC (0.82). The empirical response to selection on an index based on a pulp wood objective (which included volume and basic density) resulted in a gain of 4.3% for DBH, 7.9% for BD and marginal changes for all other traits, with a net impact in profit of $1,270/ha. However, future profit calculations will need to consider the effect of FL, MFA and CC on the economics of wood processing to fully evaluate the economic impact of breeding.

Kraft pulp yields and wood properties of fertilized red spruce

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Robert K. Shepard Jr. ◽  
James E. Shottafer ◽  
Joseph M. Genco
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Posttreatment Period

Red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) near Princeton, Maine, U.S.A. fertilized with 168 kg N/h in 1970 increased in volume growth by nearly 50% over pretreatment rates during the 8-year posttreatment period; specific gravity was not affected. Average pulp yield per unit weight of posttreatment wood from fertilized trees was 1.9% greater than average yield from pretreatment wood, but rejects increased by 2.2% and kappa number by 17.7 mL. Average pulp yield per unit weight of posttreatment wood from unfertilized trees was 1.2% less than from pretreatment wood; rejects were 0.4% less and kappa number 2.6 mL higher. Fertilization increased the lignin content of posttreatment wood by about 3% and the resin content by 2%. Ash content also increased after fertilization.

Defoliation by insects reduces the wood quality and cellulosic pulp production

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Mariane Bueno de Camargo ◽  
Flaviana Reis Milagres ◽  
Vinícius Resende de Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Eucalyptus Saligna ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Cellulosic Pulp ◽  
G Ratio ◽  
Pulp Production

AbstractDefoliating insects damage forest plantations, but the estimation of their losses does not take into account wood quality changes. The objective was to evaluate the wood quality and pulp production of two clones of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla (clone A) and Eucalyptus saligna (clone B) damaged or not by defoliating insects. Five healthy trees and five attacked by Gonipterus platensis Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were selected per clone. The wood volume per hectare in the affected settlements was at least 9% lower and damaged trees showed lower wood basic density, with at least 4.6%. The lignin and extractive content in the wood increased by at least 5.6 and 45%, respectively, while the syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio remained constant for clone A and increased 10% for clone B. For pulps, an increased effective alkali and decreased pulp yield were experienced for both clones while bleaching or pulp quality was not affected. In the stands affected by defoliating insects, productivity was 9 and 19% lower considering the wood volume per hectare and 15 and 24% considering the cellulose pulp production per hectare, respectively.

Evaluation of Lignin Syringyl/Guaiacyl Ratio in Eucalyptus Camaldulensis across Three Diverse Sites Based on near Infrared Spectroscopic Calibration Modelling with Five Eucalyptus Species and its Impact on Kraft Pulp Yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payyavula Ramadevi ◽  
Deepak V. Hegde ◽  
Mohan Varghese ◽  
Rathinam Kamalakannan ◽  
Suraj P. Ganapathy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Calibration Plot ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
G Ratio

Lignin composition [syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio] and cellulose content in wood have an important bearing on pulp yield. This paper deals with the development of a calibration model for S/G ratio using five Eucalyptus species from different sites by diffuse reflectance near infrared spectroscopy. The model was constructed with 120 samples covering an S/G ratio range from 1.8 to 3.6, determined by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The calibration plot has an R2 value of 0.825 which was validated in E. camaldulensis, E. urophylla and E. pellita. Variation in S/G ratio was studied in more than 3000 E. camaldulensis trees across three diverse sites in southern India. The S/G ratio was lower in a low rainfall site (Mahabubnagar) compared to a higher rainfall site (Ongole). A positive correlation ( R2 = 0.72) was observed between S/G ratio and Kraft pulp yield in E. camaldulensis. Alkali consumption in Kraft pulping experiments was inversely proportional to the S/G ratio ( R2 = 0.914).

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