Influence of the printing parameters on the properties of Poly(lactic acid) scaffolds obtained by fused deposition modeling 3D printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (9_suppl) ◽  
pp. S1052-S1062
Author(s):  
Abraão CD Nascimento ◽  
Raquel CDAG Mota ◽  
Livia RD Menezes ◽  
Emerson OD Silva
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Compressive Modulus ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
Printing Techniques

3D printing techniques are of great interest in the sector of scaffold development aiming for bone tissue regeneration mainly due to the possibility of customizing the scaffold according to the area of the bone defect to be regenerated. Among the 3D printing techniques, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) stands out as promising because it does not require the use of solvents and toxic components throughout the manufacturing process of the scaffold. In this sense, the present article aims to evaluate the influence of the printing speed and the temperature of the printing head on the properties of poly(lactic acid) scaffolds. Three speeds of the printing head (4600 mm/min, 480 mm/min, and 500 mm/min) and two different extrusion temperatures (200oC and 220oC) were evaluated, maintaining the architecture and all other printing conditions constant. After obtaining the scaffolds, they were characterized by the following techniques: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR), compressive modulus, L929 cell viability, and enzymatic degradation. The results obtained showed that the increase in printing temperature and speed was able to influence some properties of the material: increase crystallinity, compressive modulus, thermal resistance, and reduce molecular mobility and enzymatic degradation rate of the scaffolds. These findings are promising and indicate that, by altering only the basic parameters of 3D printing, it is possible to modulate the properties of the scaffolds obtained, to achieve greater crystallinity and a superior compressive modulus.

scholarly journals Effects of wood flour and MA-EPDM on the properties of fused deposition modeling 3D-printed poly lactic acid composites

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7122-7138
Author(s):  
Sang-U Bae ◽  
Young-Rok Seo ◽  
Birm-June Kim ◽  
Min Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Common System ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Material Composite

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology is the most common system for polymer additive manufacturing (AM). Recent studies have been conducted to expand both the range of materials that can be used for FDM and their applications. As a filler, wood flour was incorporated into poly lactic acid (PLA) polymer to develop a biocomposite material. Composite filaments were manufactured with various wood flour contents and then successfully used for 3D printing. Morphological, mechanical, and biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites were investigated. To mitigate brittleness, 5 phr of maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene monomer (MA-EPDM) was added to the composite blends, and microstructural properties of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical strength tests demonstrated that elasticity was imparted to the composites. Additionally, test results showed that the addition of wood flour to the PLA matrix promoted pore generation and further influenced the mechanical and biodegradation properties of the 3D-printed composites. An excellent effect of wood flour on the biodegradation properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA composites was observed.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2567
Author(s):  
Madison Bardot ◽  
Michael D. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Biodegradable Poly ◽  
Deposition Modeling

3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.

scholarly journals Filament Extrusion and Its 3D Printing of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Styrene-co-Methyl Methacrylate) Blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Enrique Solorio-Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandro Vega-Rios
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Herein, we report the melt blending of amorphous poly(lactide acid) (PLA) with poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (poly(S-co-MMA)). The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends were made using amorphous PLA compositions from 50, 75, and 90wt.%, namely PLA50/poly(S-co-MMA)50, PLA75/poly(S-co-MMA)25, and PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10, respectively. The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend pellets were extruded into filaments through a prototype extruder at 195 °C. The 3D printing was done via fused deposition modeling (FDM) at the same temperature and a 40 mm/s feed rate. Furthermore, thermogravimetric curves of the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends showed slight thermal decomposition with less than 0.2% mass loss during filament extrusion and 3D printing. However, the thermal decomposition of the blends is lower when compared to amorphous PLA and poly(S-co-MMA). On the contrary, the PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blend has a higher Young’s modulus (E) than amorphous PLA, and is closer to poly(S-co-MMA), in particular, PLA90/poly(S-co-MMA)10. The PLAx/poly(S-co-MMA)y blends proved improved properties concerning amorphous PLA through mechanical and rheological characterization.

scholarly journals Study of the Wear Resistance of Conductive Poly Lactic Acid Monofilament 3D Printed onto Polyethylene Terephthalate Woven Materials

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2334
Author(s):  
Prisca Aude Eutionnat-Diffo ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Jinping Guan ◽  
Aurelie Cayla ◽  
Christine Campagne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Wear resistance of conductive Poly Lactic Acid monofilament 3D printed onto textiles, through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process and their electrical conductivity after abrasion are important to consider in the development of smart textiles with preserved mechanical and electrical properties. The study aims at investigating the weight loss after abrasion and end point of such materials, understanding the influence of the textile properties and 3D printing process parameters and studying the impact of the abrasion process on the electrical conductivity property of the 3D printed conductive polymers onto textiles. The effects of the 3D printing process and the printing parameters on the structural properties of textiles, such as the thickness of the conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) 3D printed onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) textile and the average pore sizes of its surface are also investigated. Findings demonstrate that the textile properties, such as the pattern and the process settings, for instance, the printing bed temperature, impact significantly the abrasion resistance of 3D printed conductive Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) onto PET woven textiles. Due to the higher capacity of the surface structure and stronger fiber-to-fiber cohesion, the 3D printed conductive polymer deposited onto textiles through Fused Deposition Modeling process have a higher abrasion resistance and lower weight loss after abrasion compared to the original fabrics. After printing the mean pore size, localized at the surface of the 3D-printed PLA onto PET textiles, is five to eight times smaller than the one of the pores localized at the surface of the PET fabrics prior to 3D printing. Finally, the abrasion process did considerably impact the electrical conductivity of 3D printed conductive PLA onto PET fabric.

Pengaruh Infill Pattern Terhadap Kekuatan Hasil Cetakan 3d Printing Berbahan Poly-Lactic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Gilar Pandu Annanto ◽  
Ilham Naufal Ardianto ◽  
Imam Syafa’at
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) merupakan salah satu jenis teknologi additve manufacturing yang saat ini populer dan banyak digunakan. Metode FDM ini memiliki kemampuan untuk memproduksi komponen dari berbagai material polymerer seperti PLA, ABS, dan PETG. Kekuatan produk hasil cetak FDM dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, dan salah satunya adalah material dan pola isian. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk meneliti jenis infill yang dapat menghasilkan komponen dengan waktu cetak yang singkat tetapi kuat. Spesimen berbahan PLA diberikan variasi pola isian rectilinear, stars, 3D honeycomb, archimedean chords, dan support cubic. Spesimen yang telah tercetak kemudian dilakukan pengujian tarik untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai nilai kekuatannya. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan adalah hasil cetak dengan kekuatan tertinggi dicapai oleh spesimen yang menggunakan infill berjenis 3D honeycomb dengan nilai kekuatan sebesar 27,92 MPa. Sedangkan untuk waktu cetak yang paling singkat didapatkan pada spesimen yang menggunakan infill berjenis support cubic dengan lama waktu yang dibutuhkan adalah 42 menit. Selain itu, dilakukan perbandingan antara kekuatan dengan waktu cetak untuk mengetahui jenis infill yang paling optimal baik dari segi waktu dan kekuatan. Dari hasil perbandingan diketahui bahwa spesimen yang menggunakan infill berjenis rectilinear memiliki nilai ratio tertinggi sebesar 0,6. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa infill berjenis rectilinear merupakan jenis infill yang paling optimal dibandingkan dengan jenis infill lainnya yang diteliti pada penelitian ini.

Combinational processing of 3D printing and electrospinning of hierarchical poly(lactic acid)/gelatin-forsterite scaffolds as a biocomposite: Mechanical and biological assessment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Naghieh ◽  
Ehsan Foroozmehr ◽  
Mohsen Badrossamay ◽  
Mahshid Kharaziha
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Apatite Formation ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling

In this research, hierarchical scaffolds including poly(lactic acid) (PLA) micro struts and nanocomposite gelatin-forsterite fibrous layers were developed using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and electrospinning (ES), respectively. Briefly, geometrically various groups of pure PLA scaffolds (interconnected pores of 230 to 390 μm) were fabricated using FDM technique. After mechanical evaluation, ES technique was utilized to develop gelatin-forsterite nanofibrous layer. To study these scaffolds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and uniaxial compression tests were performed. Furthermore, bioactivity of the scaffolds was evaluated by immersing in the simulated body fluid and apatite formation on the surface of the scaffolds was investigated. Results depicted that elastic modulus of PLA/gelatin-forsterite scaffolds, fabricated by a combinational approach, was significantly higher than that of pure one (about 52%). SEM images showed the formation of calcium phosphate-like precipitates on the surface of these scaffolds, confirming the effects of nanocomposite fibrous layer on the improved bioactivity of the scaffolds. Regarding the obtained biological as well as mechanical properties, the developed bio-composite scaffolds can be used as a biocompatible candidate for bone tissue regeneration.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

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