A Tale of Two Fronts: China’s War of the Central Plains, 1930

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-533
Author(s):  
Peter Worthing
Keyword(s):  
Military Operations ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
The North ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Political Alliances ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
The Way

Western writing on China’s 1930 War of the Central Plains emphasizes shifting alliances and bribery, but a close analysis of the war indicates that military operations determined the outcome. Chiang Kai-shek defeated the coalition of regional commanders who rose in revolt against him not through political alliances, but rather because his military forces kept his enemies divided and eventually drove them back on all fronts. It also reveals the significance of Chiang’s victory on the war’s southern front, which prevented Chiang’s opponents in the south from uniting with those in the north and paved the way for final victory.

scholarly journals Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Wenji Huang ◽  
Mingwang Xi ◽  
Shibao Lu ◽  
Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
Keyword(s):  
Song Dynasty ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Grand Canal ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Song Dynasty ◽  
Political Center ◽  
Northern Song ◽  
The Grand Canal

In the long history of the feudal society of China, Kaifeng played a vital role. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng became a worldwide metropolis. The important reason was that the Grand Canal, which was excavated during the Sui Dynasty, became the main transportation artery for the political and military center of the north and the economic center of the south. Furthermore, Kaifeng was located at the center of the Grand Canal, which made it the capital of the later Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was called “the canal-centered era.” The development of the canal caused a series of major changes in the society of the Northern Song Dynasty that were different from the previous ones, which directly led to the transportation revolution, and in turn, promoted the commercial revolution and the urbanization of Kaifeng. The development of commerce contributed to the agricultural and money revolutions. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the political center moved to the south. During the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of the Grand Canal made it so that water transport did not have to pass through the Central Plains. The relocation of the political center and the change in the canal route made Kaifeng lose the value of connecting the north and south, resulting in the long-time fall of the Bianhe River. Kaifeng, which had prospered for more than 100 years, declined gradually, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, it became a common town in the Central Plains. In ancient China, the rise and fall of cities and regions were closely related to the canal, and the relationship between Kaifeng and the Grand Canal was typical. The history may provide some inspiration for the increasingly severe urban and regional sustainable development issues in contemporary times.

scholarly journals Seals from Harappa

1912 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-701
Author(s):  
J. F. Fleet
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Full Size ◽  
The North ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Way

Harappa is a village, having a station on the North-Western Railway, in the Montgomery District, Panjāb: it is situated in lat. 30° 38′, long. 72° 52′, on the south bank of the Ravi, some fifteen miles towards the west-by-south from Montgomery. The place is now of no importance: but extensive ruins and mounds, one of which rises to the height of sixty feet, indicate that the case was otherwise in ancient times; and it has yielded thousands of coins of the “Indo-Scythians” and their successors. Amongst other objects of interest from this place, there are the three seals, full-size facsimiles of which are given in the accompanying Plate. The original seals are now in the British Museum, in the Department of British and Mediæval Antiquities in charge of Mr. Read. In all three cases, the substance of these seals seems to be a claystone, hardened by heat or some other means. In the originals, the devices and characters are sunk: the illustrations represent impressions from the originals, with the devices and characters reversed, as compared with the way in which they lie in the originals, and standing out in relief. The animal on A has been held to be a bull, but not an Indian bull, because it has no hump: another opinion, however, is that it may be a male deer of some kind. The animal on C has a tail of such a nature as to suggest that this creature cannot be a deer. On A the hind legs were not fully formed; and it is possible that a similar tail has been omitted there.

scholarly journals Trypanosome diseases of domestic animals in Uganda. III.—Trypanosoma vivax ( Ziemann )

1910 ◽  
Vol 83 (561) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
The South ◽  
Lake Shore ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Government ◽  
Interesting Species ◽  
The Way

This interesting species of trypanosome appears to be widely distributed in Uganda. It was first discovered by the Commission in two cattle which came from Kavirondo, the district lying to the north-east of Victoria Nyanza. These oxen were driven to Kampala round the north end of the Lake, and probably became infected on the way. Then the Government Transport Department lost many of their oxen from this trypanosome. They were worked between Kampala, the native capital, and Luzira, the port on the Lake-shore, which lies about seven miles to the south-east. When the epidemic. broke out these cattle were kraaled near the Lake-shore, along which they were allowed to graze, and where tsetse-flies are numerous. Afterwards, at the suggestion of the Commission, they were kraaled at Kampala, when the epidemic stopped, and no more deaths from Trypanosoma vivax occurred among them.

scholarly journals Doctrinal Approachs of the Land Operations at Tactical Level

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
Mihai-Marcel Neag
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Operational Environment ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Manifestation Area ◽  
The Way

Abstract The character of armed conflict will be further granted by the use of conventional military forces, of professionalized but high-tech armies - as it has been enshrined in recent finished confrontations as well as in the ones currently underway- the manifestation area and the intensity of the threats have extremely diversified and expanded in the context of the operational environment. This meant the need for new approaches of the specific operational framework for the conduct of military operations, with consequences for the structure of the operation of groupings of forces and the way of conducting actions.

Underground Houses on the British Columbian Coast

1944 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bering Sea ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Northern California ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Way

Semi-Subterranean houses with an entrance through the roof are a well known feature of the interior of British Columbia, having been described for the Thompson, the Chilcotin, the Shuswap and others of the upper Fraser River valley. They have, in fact, an even wider distribution east of the Coast and Cascade Ranges, extending south over the Plateau and into northern California. Although this type of dwelling existed among the Aleuts, it appears that the coastal people to the south of them, even in Alaska, were either unfamiliar with the pattern or rejected it in favor of others. Sporadically, along the Pacific Coast all the way from California to Bering Sea, house floors were excavated to varying depths, sometimes even to two levels; but, everywhere, the houses characteristically lack the roof entrance and, except for sweathouses in the south and Bering Sea Eskimo dwellings in the north, even the idea of an earth covering is absent. In view of this fundamental divergence, it is interesting that subterranean structures do appear in several places on the coast of British Columbia.

scholarly journals Alexandru Madgearu, A comparison between two migrations in the Byzantine Empire: the Goths and the Pechenegs

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Keyword(s):  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
The South ◽  
East European ◽  
Military Forces ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Migratory Movements ◽  
The Way

The study compares from several points of view two migratory movements across the Lower Danube: the Tervingi Goths in 376 and the Pechenegs in 1045-1047. In both cases the imperial authorities hoped they would gain supplementary military forces, but the events turned both migratory groups into internal enemies. There are some similarities in the causes of the aforementioned migrations, in the way the Danube was crossed, and as concerns the places granted for settlement, and the integration in the Roman / Byzantine army. In other respects, the movements differed, especially because of the nomadic type of life of the Pechenegs, the Goths being sedentary people who moved from a homeland to another. Both migrations had disastrous effects for the empire, because the emperors were not able to foresee or to prevent the rebellions of these warrior people received as refugees. Instead of more economic and military resources, both the Goths and the Pechenegs caused much trouble in the South-East European provinces.

The Roman Wall

1932 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-162
Author(s):  
J. J. R. Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Solid Rock ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
Simple Matter ◽  
The North ◽  
Bridge Abutment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

In the first number of Greece and Rome Mr. Symonds reminded us that the bearing of art and archaeology on literature can be studied by visits to sites and museums, and suggested that ‘even a holiday expedition to the Roman Wall is not beyond the bounds of ambition’. Indeed, once Newcastle or Carlisle is reached the motor-car has made a trip to the Wall a simple matter. A cursory visit starting from Newcastle takes but a few hours. A twenty-mile drive over the West Turnpike, Wade's Road as it is popularly called, along the line of the Wall with the earthworks visible for most of the way and a fragment of the Wall itself to be seen not far from the city boundary, brings us to Chesters. Here is the camp, or more properly fort, of Cilurnum, the fort baths, the bridge abutment, and the museum. After Chesters we travel a further ten miles. A substantial length of the Wall is soon seen on the right, while the earthworks line both sides of the road for most of the way, and at Limestone Bank are cut through solid rock. Then with less than half a mile's walk across the fields we come to Housesteads. Here we can see the fort of Borcovicium (or Borcovicus), and then walk a few hundred yards to the west to see a milecastle and get the well-known view of the Wall at Cuddy's Crag. If the start is from Carlisle the mileage is more, Housesteads being about half-way to Newcastle but Chesters ten miles farther east. If we come from the south by road we may leave the North Road at Durham and travelling by Lanchester, Consett, and Corbridge (Corstopitum), join the West Turnpike at Portgate where the Roman Road of the first of the Antonine Itineraries passed through the Wall on its way to the Cheviots and Scotland: or we may turn off earlier and make for Teesdale and Alston, to join the West Turnpike three miles north of Haltwhistle.

scholarly journals VII.—On a Filtering Cistern of the Fourteenth Century at Westminster Abbey

Archaeologia ◽  
1892 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.T. Micklethwaite
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Way

The way into the cloister of Westminster Abbey from the west is through what in the old days was the parlour, a place where the monks coming from their cloister on the east met those from outside with whom they might have business, who came from the court called The Elms on the west. Now, with its windows blocked up, its walls bare and weather-stained, and its carved and moulded work all decayed and broken, it seems a rather gloomy passage. But it was a light and beautiful room after the general rebuilding of the domestic part of the abbey, which Abbot Litlington completed with the legacy of his predecessor Cardinal Langham. It is in a line with the south walk of the cloister, and lies between the deanery—once the abbot's house—on the north, and the western part of the frater on the south. This end of the frater was walled off from the rest below and formed the pantry and buttery, above which was a gallery.

Icarus's Astral Navigation

1974 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
J. E. Sharwood Smith
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Ground Fire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Way

TheMetamorphoses version has been culled for several anthologies. At line 206 editors comment that the Great Bear defines the north and Orion the south, leaving their readers to take Daedalus' instructions at their face value. Professor William S. Anderson, in his lovely new edition of Books vi–x, repeats the formula, observing by the way that Orion is visible in the northern hemisphere during two winter months only. Stop, please! I have a difficulty. A squadron commander who began a briefing for a daylight operation by telling his crews to leave their star charts behind, since they were going to fly all the way in formation, would be considered overdue for a long spell of leave before his oddities took a more dangerous turn. Why am I to suppose that Daedalus intends a night flight ? Aerial interception is not a risk. Cretan archery may be never so renowned, but any theory that Daedalus has decided to take off from the ‘monte minor collis’ (Ars Am.) under cover of darkness, as a precaution against ground fire, finds no support in the text of Ovid; nor does there seem to be any reason to suppose that the flight is to take place during those two months of winter when Orion is visible. Everything points to the contrary. From the moment both are airborne Daedalus is watching and criticizing his son's performance, and their progress is observed by fishermen, shepherds, and ploughmen, who are not usually night-workers with infra-red vision.

The Image of BRICS and the Global South Othered Creativity

2020 ◽  
pp. 409-427
Author(s):  
Diana Sfetlana Stoica
Keyword(s):  
African Country ◽  
Global South ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Media Representations ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Global Character ◽  
Creative Products ◽  
The Way

This chapter is an invitation to look over some creative products of media representations and communication, especially present in African country commercials, and analyze them from a potential BRICS ideology's dissemination point of view. The aim of this research is to finally conclude that there are very few differences between the North and the South, speaking about creativity, along with realizing a frame of paradigms on the global character of this concept. However, perceptions are subdued to the translation of creativity movements and the summing up of images created by these perceptions are paving the way to the conceptualization of Othered creativity. The Othered creativity is a concept proposed to frame the representations of an Otherness, subject to images that have been displaced from one cultural environment and re-proposed in another one.

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