Patients’ Perception Towards Branded and Generic Medicines in an Emerging Economy: A Scale Development and Validation Study

The study intends to develop and validate a scale to gauge the perception of patients towards branded and generic medicines in an emerging economy like India. Items were generated through literature review and exploratory semi-structured interview with patients and physicians. In the way of establishing generic medicines in the market, patients’ acceptability is very much essential. However, with the advent of information age, the patients are now becoming more conscious and aware regarding the generic medicines, and there is an improvement in the acceptability of generic medicines. Hence, the measurement of their perception towards generic medicines becomes an important issue for various stakeholders of the medical world—physicians, government, pharmaceutical companies and chemists. However, no studies regarding the measurement of perception towards the branded and generic have been conducted to develop and validate measurement scale. The present study is an attempt towards fulfilling this gap. A total of 361 valid responses were obtained using purposive sampling. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out through principal component analysis (PCA) followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to establish the validity of the proposed measurement model. The five factors extracted from EFA were named as quality (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.887), trust (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.919), sustained effectiveness (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.832), reputation (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.881) and psychological benefits (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.737). The obtained factors were found reliable and valid for measuring perception of the patients towards generic and branded medicines in emerging market settings. Convergent and discriminant validity of the scale was also established.

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Development and psychometric evaluation of a Positive Health measurement scale: a factor analysis study based on a Dutch population

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040816 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. e040816

Author(s):

Marja Van Vliet ◽

Brian M Doornenbal ◽

Simone Boerema ◽

Elske M van den Akker-van Marle

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

The Netherlands ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Health Measurement ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Positive Health ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Starting Point

ObjectivesThe My Positive Health (MPH) dialogue tool is increasingly adopted by healthcare professionals in the Netherlands as well as abroad to support people in their health. Given this trend, the need arises to measure effects of interventions on the Positive Health dimensions. However, the dialogue tool was not developed for this purpose. Therefore, this study aims to work towards a suitable measurement scale using the MPH dialogue tool as starting point.DesignA cross-sectional study design.Participants and settingsA total of 708 respondents, who were all members of the municipal health service panel in the eastern part of the Netherlands, completed the MPH dialogue tool.MethodsThe factor structure of the MPH dialogue tool was explored through exploratory factor analysis using maximum likelihood extraction. Next, the fit of the extracted factor structure was tested through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability and discriminant validity of both a new model and the MPH scales were assessed through Cronbach’s alpha tests.ResultsSimilar to the MPH dialogue tool, the extracted 17-item model has a six-factor structure but named differently, comprising the factors physical fitness, mental functions, future perspectives, contentment, social relations and health management. The reliability tests suggest good to very good reliability of the aimed measurement tool and MPH model (Cronbach’s alpha values ranging from, respectively, 0.820 to 0.920 and 0.882 to 0.933). The measurement model shows acceptable discriminant validity, whereas the MPH model suggests overlap between domains.ConclusionThe results suggest that the current MPH dialogue tool seems reliable as a dialogue, but it is not suitable as a measurement scale. We therefore propose a 17-item model with improved, acceptable psychometric properties which can serve as a basis for further development of a measurement scale.

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Korean Translation of the Barriers to Research Utilization Scale: Psychometric Testing

Research and Theory for Nursing Practice ◽

10.1891/1541-6577.31.3.233 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 233-246

Author(s):

Youngshin Song ◽

Moonhee Gang ◽

Misook Jung

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Factor Loading ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Korean Version ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Average Variance

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Barriers or Facilitators to Using Research in Practice (BARRIERS) scale for use in Korea. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used with 364 nurses working in clinical settings. Item analysis was conducted and convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor structure with 25 items that explained 62.9% of the variance. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed as examining the factor loading, average variance extracted, and composite reliability. The values of factor loading for 25 items were having higher estimate than criterion and the average variance extracted value for 4 factors ranged from .575 to .667. The Cronbach’s alpha was .90 for the 25 items. Conclusion: The Korean version of the 25-item BARRIERS scale was a reliable and valid scale to measure barriers to research use in Korean health care settings. Based on this psychometric evaluation, research barriers and its associated factors will be investigated using the Korean version of the BARRIERS scale in further study.

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Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) : A Phubbing Measurement For Young Moslem In Industry 4.0

Journal An-Nafs Kajian Penelitian Psikologi ◽

10.33367/psi.v6i2.1510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 179-195

Author(s):

Iredho Fani Reza

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Total Correlation ◽

Confirmatory Factor

The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement scale for phone snubbing among Moslem youth in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This research is used a quantitative survey research with the number of respondents N = 503 who were Moslem youths at a university in the Republic of Indonesia which was determined by multistage sampling technique. The instrument used is the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) which consists of three dimensions - ignore others, dependency on gadgets and social disconnectedness. In analyzing the data through the process of building validity consisting of confirmatory factor analysis and total correlation of corrected items, analyzing internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha technique. The results showed that the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) has a good item validity and reliability test as a measurement scale for phone insulting behavior young Moslems in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The recommended Phub-S items totaling 45 items that have been fulfilled are valid based on testing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique (standardized solution (SS) > 0.4 and T-Values > 1.96), Corrected Item-Total Correlation ≥ 0.30 and with a scale reliability value. 0.932 (Cronbach's Alpha value> 0.8).

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Reliability and Validity of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version1.0 (HFMS V1.0) in Chinese Elderly People

10.21203/rs.3.rs-150641/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qian Liu ◽

Hui Zhou ◽

Heng Qiu ◽

Chen Huang ◽

Lijie Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Elderly People ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Acceptable Reliability

Abstract Purpose. We examined the reliability and validity of the Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V1.0) specifically on elderly people in China.Methods. We carried out a cross-sectional study in December 2020 and enrolled 800 elderly people through stratified sampling technique. The level of healthy fitness was measured using the HFMS V1.0. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant construct validity, exploratory factor and confirmatory factor were calculated for assessing the reliability and validity of HFMS V1.0.Results. The valid samples were comprised of 777 samples (with a mean age of 71.81 ±8.36 years), 382(49.2 %) were women. HFMS V1.0 consists of 8 dimensions and 38 items. The scale had acceptable reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.920, split-half = 0.946, test-retest = 0.878). The correlation of each item, dimension and subscales ranged from 0.528 to 0.888 (p < 0.001). Exploratory factor analysis uncovered 11 factors with the cumulative contribution rate of 68.09% and all factor loads over 0.40. The item distribution was consistent with the initial expectation of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit: CMIN/DF=2.773, RMSEA=0.048, IFI=0.915, TLI=0.904, CFI=0.915.Conclusion. HFMS V1.0 was shown to have acceptable reliability and validity. Collectively, HFMS V1.0 is reliable and efficient to measure the healthy fitness of elderly people.

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Environmental Citizenship Questionnaire (ECQ): The Development and Validation of an Evaluation Instrument for Secondary School Students

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12030821 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 821 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Andreas Ch. Hadjichambis ◽

Demetra Paraskeva-Hadjichambi

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Secondary School ◽

Secondary School Students ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

High Reliability ◽

Evaluation Instrument ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

School Students ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Environmental Citizenship

Environmental citizenship is very important in sustainability research. The criticality of the observed environmental crisis requires capable and competent environmental citizens who can act as agents of change to achieve sustainability. This research presents the validation of the Environmental Citizenship Questionnaire (ECQ) for assessing the environmental citizenship of secondary school students. To this end, Principal Component Analysis has been performed through the use of a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. In addition, there has been a verification of sphericity and a measure of sampling adequacy using the Bartlett’s and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) tests, respectively. Cronbach’s Alpha, eigenvalues and percentage of variance as well as Pearson’s correlation were also estimated. Using the data of 520 students in 10th grade, the ECQ showed very good results in all measurements performed, demonstrating high internal consistency, reliability and discriminant validity. From the factor analysis were derived nine factors with 76 items in total. Cronbach’s Alpha was greater than 0.702, indicating high reliability in all factors. The possible contribution of the ECQ in different contexts and educational frames and in sustainability education is discussed.

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Validity and Reliability of the Indian Version of the HLS-EU-Q16 Questionnaire

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18020495 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 495

Author(s):

Jyoshma Preema Dsouza ◽

Stephan Van den Broucke ◽

Sanjay Pattanshetty

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Short Form ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Indian Language ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Health literacy is a key topic in public health. Several measurement tools exist that operationalize health literacy, but only a few standard tools measure health literacy at a population level, and none of those are currently available for the Indian context. This study aimed to develop and validate an Indian version of the short form of the European Health literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU Q16). Following the translation of the English version of the questionnaire in Hindi and Kannada by language experts and confirmation of the item content by health literacy experts, the questionnaire was administered to 158 Hindi speaking and 182 Kannada speaking individuals, selected via purposive sampling. Pearson’s correlation was used to confirm test–retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the scales in both languages. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for the scales and their sub-domains, and item-total correlations were used to calculate item discriminant indices. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing scores of participant groups based on educational status and training in health care. Cronbach’s alpha for the Hindi version of the tool (HLS-IND-HIN-Q16) was 0.98, and for Kannada version (HLS-IND-KAN-Q16) 0.97. Confirmatory factor analysis produced fit indices within acceptable limits. The results allowed us to conclude that the two Indian language questionnaires allow valid and reliable measurements of health literacy among the Hindi and Kannada speaking population of India.

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Development of the “COVID-19 Psychological Destruction Scale”: A Validity and Reliability Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-46890/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yunus Akan

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Depression Anxiety Stress Scale ◽

Data Set ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Group Data

Abstract This research is a scale development study to determine the level of destruction that COVID-19 has created on the psychology of individuals in the 18-50 age group. Data were collected by convenience sampling method, which allowed us to reach total 1604 participants, aged between 18 and 50 years, from 7 regions in Turkey. At the end of exploratory factor analysis performed on a 60-item pilot form, a two-factor structure was obtained explaining 61.74% of the total variance. The “Collapse” dimension has 14 items and the “Fear” dimension has 4 items. Load values of the items in the “Collapse” dimension are between 0.700 - 0.855 and the load values of items in the "Fear" dimension are between 0.736 - 0.797. While the reliability analysis showed a Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.951 for the whole scale, the Cronbach's Alpha values for the dimensions were 0.937 and 0.791, respectively. A survey was implemented with 597 new participants for convergent and discriminant validity, and the Pearson Moments Product Correlation coefficient between the developed “COVID-19 Psychological Destruction Scale” and “Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)” was found to be 0.748. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the new data set with 597 participants and the goodness of fit index values obtained showed that the model perfectly fit. The result of the research reveals that the “COVID-19 Psychological Destruction Scale” is a valid and reliable scale that can be applied to individuals aged 18-50.

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The psychometric properties of the person-centered therapeutic relationship in physiotherapy scale

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0241010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0241010

Author(s):

Óscar Rodríguez-Nogueira ◽

Jaume Morera Balaguer ◽

Abel Nogueira López ◽

Juan Roldán Merino ◽

José-Martín Botella-Rico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Therapeutic Relationship ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Objective To determine the psychometric properties of the Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) in order to find the most appropriate fit for the tool. Methods Patients who had received treatment at the physiotherapy service of nine hospitals in Spain were invited to complete the 31 items of the PCTR-PT scale. To select the most appropriate items of the PCTR-PT, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was performed using the maximum likelihood and oblique rotation (promin) methods. Factor validity, goodness-of-fit and psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent (CFA) and discriminant validity were calculated. Internal consistency was verified using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to examine temporal stability. Results 366 patients over 18 years old who had received, at least, 15 physiotherapy treatment sessions completed the questionnaire. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a tool with 15 items in four factors [Relational Bond (N items = 4); Individualized Partnership (N items = 4); Professional Empowerment (N items = 3) and Therapeutic Communication (N items = 4)], explaining 78.4% of the variance of the total variables of this tool. The confirmatory factor analysis further confirmed the four-structure model. Reliability of the tool was approved by Cronbach's alpha in all four dimensions, as all were above .70, ranging from .84 (Individualized Partnership) to .91 (Professional Empowerment). = 0.94. Test-retest was performed with two-week intervals, indicating an appropriate stability for the scale (ICC = 0.900). Conclusion The Person-Centered Therapeutic Relationship in Physiotherapy Scale (PCTR-PT) is a useful, valid and applicable instrument to evaluate the person-centered therapeutic relationship during physiotherapy interventions. It would be interesting to investigate the predictive capacity (sensitivity and specificity) of the PCTR-PT scale.

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Reliability and validity of Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version1.0 (HFMS V1.0) in Chinese elderly people

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11021-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qian Liu ◽

Hui Zhou ◽

Heng Qiu ◽

Chen Huang ◽

Lijie Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Elderly People ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

The Elderly ◽

Measurement Scale ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Acceptable Reliability

Abstract Purpose We examined the reliability and validity of the Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0 (HFMS V1.0) specifically on elderly people in China. Methods We carried out a cross-sectional study in December 2020 and enrolled 800 elderly people through stratified sampling technique, including 777 valid samples (with a mean age of 71.81 ± 8.36 years), of which 382 cases (49.2%) were women. The level of healthy fitness was measured using the HFMS V1.0. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, split-half reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, exploratory factor and confirmatory factor were calculated for assessing the reliability and validity of HFMS V1.0. Results HFMS V1.0 consists of 8 dimensions and 38 items. The scale had acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.920, split-half = 0.946, test-retest = 0.878). Exploratory factor analysis showed KMO value =0.927, and uncovered 10 factors with the cumulative contribution rate of 65.71% and all factor loads over 0.40. The item distribution was consistent with the initial expectation of the scale. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit: CMIN/DF = 2.796, RMSEA = 0.048, IFI =0.914, TLI = 0.902, CFI = 0.913. Conclusion HFMS V1.0 was shown to have acceptable reliability and validity indices for this sample. Collectively, HFMS V1.0 is reliable and efficient to measure the healthy fitness of elderly people. It is recommended to use it among the elderly in other Chinese cities in the future to ensure uniformity and objectivity. This scale can be carried out to evaluate of the effectiveness of public health measures in improving the healthy fitness level of the elderly and optimizing public health policies.

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Arabic validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the 5C scale for assessment of COVID-19 vaccines psychological antecedents

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254595 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0254595

Author(s):

Samar Abd ElHafeez ◽

Iffat Elbarazi ◽

Ramy Shaaban ◽

Rony ElMakhzangy ◽

Maged Ossama Aly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Five Factor Model ◽

Arabic Language ◽

Arab Countries ◽

Cronbach’S Alpha ◽

Cronbach's Alpha ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Background In the Arab countries, there has not been yet a specific validated Arabic questionnaire that can assess the psychological antecedents of COVID-19 vaccine among the general population. This study, therefore, aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the 5C scale into the Arabic language. Methods The 5C scale was translated into Arabic by two independent bilingual co-authors, and then translated back into English. After reconciling translation disparities, the final Arabic questionnaire was disseminated into four randomly selected Arabic countries (Egypt, Libya, United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Saudi Arabia). Data from 350 Arabic speaking adults (aged ≥18 years) were included in the final analysis. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. Construct validity was determined by concurrent, convergent, discriminant, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results Age of participants ranged between 18 to 73 years; 57.14% were females, 37.43% from Egypt, 36.86%, from UAE, 30% were healthcare workers, and 42.8% had the intention to get COVID-19 vaccines. The 5 sub-scales of the questionnaire met the criterion of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥0.7). The predictors of intention to get COVID-19 vaccines (concurrent validity) were young age and the 5C sub-scales. Convergent validity was identified by the significant inter-item and item-mean score of the sub-scale correlation (P<0.001). Discriminant validity was reported as inter-factor correlation matrix (<0.7). Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy measure was 0.80 and Bartlett’s sphericity test was highly significant (P<0.001). Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the 15 items of the questionnaire could be summarized into five factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the hypothesized five-factor model of the 15-item questionnaire was satisfied with adequate psychometric properties and fit with observed data (RMSEA = 0.060, GFI = 0.924, CFI = 0.957, TLI = 0.937, SRMR = 0.076 & NFI = 906). Conclusion The Arabic version of the 5C scale is a valid and reliable tool to assess the psychological antecedents of COVID-19 vaccine among Arab population.

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