scholarly journals Behind the Scenes: The Women Filmmakers of New Pakistani Cinema

2020 â—½  
Vol 11 (1) â—½  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
Zebunnisa Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Complex Terrain â—½  
Early Years â—½  
Multiple Roles â—½  
Local Context â—½  
Women Filmmakers â—½  
Women Directors â—½  
Production Distribution â—½  
Temporal And Spatial â—½  
New Industry

In order to locate and contextualise the space women filmmakers occupy in what I refer to as New Pakistani Cinema (NPC), this article highlights the eight women directors of NPC, whose films were released between 2013 and 2018: Afia Nathaniel, Iram Parveen Bilal, Meenu Gaur, Mehreen Jabbar, Momina Duraid, Sabiha Sumar, Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy and Shazia Ali Khan. In doing so, this article also touches upon women working behind the scenes as producers and writers (often in multiple roles on the same film as director, producer and/or writer) to illustrate how women filmmakers have played a key role in establishing NPC in its early years. Starting with initial releases in 2013, NPC functions within a complex terrain, informed in part by new industry players, the crossing of borders in the production of films, the role of foreign content in Pakistani cinemas and an engagement with regional and global themes situated within a local context. Therefore, NPC and the evolving cinema culture that surrounds it demand unique and innovative forms and avenues of production, distribution and exhibition, along with distinct emerging imaginaries that are an amalgamation of the local, national, regional and global. It is within the temporal and spatial intersections of these different processes that we can begin to situate these women filmmakers.

Fostering a new industry in the Industrial Revolution: Boulton & Watt and gaslight 1800–1812

2012 â—½  
Vol 46 (2) â—½  
pp. 199-229 â—½  
Author(s):  
LESLIE TOMORY
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution â—½  
Early Years â—½  
Public Attention â—½  
The Status â—½  
Series Of Experiments â—½  
Industrial Use â—½  
The Many â—½  
Almost All â—½  
New Industry

AbstractGaslight emerged as a new industry after 1800 in Britain, but not in other countries in Europe where the technology existed as well. Among the many groups trying, it was only the firm of Boulton & Watt that succeeded in commercializing the invention for two important reasons. The first was that they possessed skills and experience related to ironworking and to making scientific instruments, both of which they used as they developed gaslight apparatus. This development involved an extensive series of experiments that ultimately had its root in James Watt's own work with pneumatic chemistry. The second reason was that they possessed many resources such as access to capital, their existing network of industrial customers, and their abilities to publicize their work. As with the steam engine, the firm proved adept at advertising. Boulton & Watt did not give their full attention to gaslight except in two spurts between 1805 and 1809, and by around 1812 they had lost almost all interest in the technology. By this time, however, they had solved many problems associated with scaling up gaslight apparatus for industrial use, they had trained many people who would go on to do further important work in the early years of the industry, and they had drawn extensive public attention to the new invention. Finally, their advertising involved elevating the status of William Murdoch as an inventor while minimizing the role of the firm.

scholarly journals Local context and firms creation

2020 â—½  
Vol 9 (5) â—½  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Mariasole Bannò â—½  
Giorgia D'Allura
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Context â—½  
Local Context â—½  
Firm Formation â—½  
New Firm Formation â—½  
Biotech Industry â—½  
New Firm â—½  
Industry Creation â—½  
High Level â—½  
New Industry

This paper explores Italy’s biotech industry. This is the case of a new industry formation in a hostile institutional context. Our goal is two-fold. First, it is to extend our understanding of the role of institutions on firm formation and industry creation. Second, it is to offer prescriptive evidence for those regions that are trying to encourage entrepreneurship in innovative industries or increment existing systems of innovations. We adopt the interpretative lenses of the institutional theory. Our work aims to discuss the role that institutions (by the meaning of regulations, policies, and fiscal measures) provide to the development and change of industries around the world. We offer a comparison between Italy and other European countries in order to advise rules and suggestions to improve the competitiveness of the Italian biotech industry and firm formation. We recognize that the Italian institutional context is hostile to new industry creation because the rules and regulations do not support new firm formation. Moreover, Italy represents a context that shows a high level of risk aversion to radical innovation such as biotechnology.   

JOHN BISHOP OF NIKIOU’S CHRONICON (SEVENTH CENTURY A.D.): AN INDISPENSABLE SOURCE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ARAB CONQUEST OF EGYPT AND ITS AFTERMATH*

2017 â—½  
Vol 25 (2) â—½  
pp. 748-768
Author(s):  
V. Christides
Keyword(s):  
Early Years â—½  
Seventh Century â—½  
Local People â—½  
Historical Events â—½  
Short Account â—½  
Coptic Church

John, Bishop of Nikiou’s Chronicon is the oldest preserved work dealing with the Arab conquest of Egypt (639 A.D./H. 18–645 A.D./H. 25) and its initial aftermath. This little known author, who lived in Egypt in the seventh century, was a high official in the Coptic Church. His accurate depiction of all the relevant historical events, based mainly on his own remarkable observations, proves him to be a simple but well–balanced historian. My article focuses on three aspects of the Chronicon: (a) landholding under the early years of Arab dominion compared to the parallel information of the Greek papyri of Apollonopolis in a special appendix; (b) the attitude of the Arab conquerors of Egypt towards its population, and the reaction of the local people as perceived by John, Bishop of Nikiou; and (c) a short account on the elusive role of the Blues and Greens during the Arab conquest of Egypt as recorded by John of Nikiou.

Giscience in the Mountain Geography

2010 â—½  
Vol 27 (1-2) â—½  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Krishna Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data â—½  
Environmental Data â—½  
Temporal Data â—½  
Observation Systems â—½  
Research Findings â—½  
Temporal And Spatial â—½  
Temporal And Spatial Characteristics â—½  
Mountain Geography â—½  
Different Sources

Mountains have distinct geography and are dynamic in nature compared to the plains. 'Verticality' and 'variation' are two fundamental specificities of the mountain geography. They possess distinct temporal and spatial characteristics in a unique socio-cultural setting. There is an ever increasing need for spatial and temporal data for planning and management activities; and Geo Information (GI) Science (including Geographic Information and Earth Observation Systems). This is being recognized more and more as a common platform for integrating spatial data with social, economic and environmental data and information from different sources. This paper investigates the applicability and challenges of GISscience in the context of mountain geography with ample evidences and observations from the mountain specific publications, empirical research findings and reports. The contextual explanation of mountain geography, mountain specific problems, scientific concerns about the mountain geography, advances in GIScience, the role of GIScience for sustainable development, challenges on application of GIScience in the contexts of mountains are the points of discussion. Finally, conclusion has been made with some specific action oriented recommendations.

KEGAGALAN PRIVATISASI BUMN DI ERA REZIM ORDE BARU DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI POLITIK

Wacana Publik â—½  
2019 â—½  
Vol 12 (02) â—½  
Author(s):  
Syamsul Ma'arif
Keyword(s):  
Market Economy â—½  
Free Market â—½  
Dominant Role â—½  
The State â—½  
Early Years â—½  
New Order â—½  
Free Market Economy â—½  
Economic Sectors â—½  
Role Of The State

After had being carried out nationalization and hostility against west countries, the New Order regime made important decision to change Indonesia economic direction from etatism system to free market economy. A set of policies were taken in order private sector could play major role in economic. However, when another economic sectors were reformed substantially, effords to reform the State Owned Enterprises had failed. The State Owned Enterprise, in fact, remained to play dominant role like early years of guided democracy era. Role of the State Owned Enterprises was more and more powerfull). The main problem of reforms finally lied on reality that vested interest of bureaucrats (civil or military) was so large that could’nt been overcome. 

Are Viruses and Parasites Linked to Celiac Disease? A Question that Still has no Definite Answer

2019 â—½  
Vol 20 (14) â—½  
pp. 1181-1193 â—½  
Author(s):  
Aref Shariati â—½  
Hamid R. Aslani â—½  
Mohammad R.H. Shayesteh â—½  
Ali Taghipour â—½  
Ahmad Nasser â—½  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease â—½  
Multiple Roles â—½  
Barr Virus â—½  
The People â—½  
Intestinal Infections â—½  
Inflammatory Bowel â—½  
Epstein Barr â—½  
Irritable Bowel â—½  
Related Proteins

Celiac Disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune enteropathy of the small intestine that commonly occurs in genetically predisposed individuals due to intake of gluten and related proteins. Gluten consumption, duration of breast-feeding, various infections, especially frequent intestinal infections, vaccinations and use of antibiotics can be linked to CD. It is predicted that it affects 1% of the global population and its incidence rate is increasing. Most of the people with the HLA-DQ2 or HLADQ8 are at a higher risk of developing this disease. The link between infections and autoimmune diseases has been very much considered in recent years. In several studies, we explained that pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms might have multiple roles in initiation, exacerbation, and development of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). In various studies, the relationship between infections caused by viruses, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Rotavirus, Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Influenza virus, and parasites including Giardia spp. and Toxoplasma gondii with CD has been raised. However, increasing evidence proposes that some of these microorganisms, especially helminths, can also have protective and even therapeutic roles in the CD process. Therefore, in order to determine the role of microorganisms in the process of this disease, we attempted to summarize the evidence suggesting the role of viral and parasitic agents in pathogenesis of CD.

Das ‚Etwas nach dem Nichts‘: Marie-Louise von Motesiczkys Gemälde Gespräch in der Bibliothek

2021 â—½  
Vol 46 (1) â—½  
pp. 283-299
Author(s):  
Susanna Brogi â—½  
Elisabeth Gallas
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role â—½  
Early Years â—½  
The Holocaust â—½  
Elias Canetti â—½  
Book Collections

Abstract Marie-Louise von Motesiczky’s painting Gespräch in der Bibliothek (Conversation in the Library) relates back to a specific historical constellation insofar as it highlights the interwoven stories of Elias Canetti, Franz Baermann Steiner, and the painter herself, but also of H. G. Adler during the early years of their British exile. Although the painting does not include and likely does not even explicitly refer to H. G. Adler, he saved Steiner’s library from destruction, which made him an integral part of the intellectual exchange that is depicted here, since the library plays a central role in the portrait. Numerous notes and letters in Steiner’s and Adler’s estates testify to the close net of all four protagonists. The article discusses the crucial role of book collections as a mainstay of the three authors’ self-conception and intellectual self-positioning in the wake of the Holocaust, and the continuing impact of this intellectual network visible throughout the dispersed papers of the authors and the painter.

Programming the Common Market: The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967

2021 â—½  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hugo Canihac
Keyword(s):  
European Integration â—½  
European Economic Community â—½  
Early Years â—½  
Practical Reasons â—½  
Economic Governance â—½  
Economic Community â—½  
European Economic â—½  
History Of â—½  
The Common

This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.

scholarly journals Pretending emotions in the early years: The role of language and symbolic play

Infancy â—½  
10.1111/infa.12414 â—½  
2021 â—½  
Author(s):  
Francesc Sidera â—½  
Angeline S. Lillard â—½  
Anna Amadó â—½  
Beatriz Caparrós â—½  
Carles Rostan â—½  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symbolic Play â—½  
Early Years

scholarly journals Targeting Hedgehog Signalling through the Ubiquitylation Process: The Multiple Roles of the HECT-E3 Ligase Itch

Cells â—½  
2019 â—½  
Vol 8 (2) â—½  
pp. 98 â—½  
Author(s):  
Paola Infante â—½  
Ludovica Lospinoso Severini â—½  
Flavia Bernardi â—½  
Francesca Bufalieri â—½  
Lucia Di Marcotullio
Keyword(s):  
E3 Ligase â—½  
Multiple Roles â—½  
Post Translational Modification â—½  
Therapeutic Approaches â—½  
Cellular Functions â—½  
Hedgehog Signalling â—½  
Promising Target â—½  
Important Pathway â—½  
Multiple Levels

Hedgehog signalling (Hh) is a developmental conserved pathway strongly involved in cancers when deregulated. This important pathway is orchestrated by numerous regulators, transduces through distinct routes and is finely tuned at multiple levels. In this regard, ubiquitylation processes stand as essential for controlling Hh pathway output. Although this post-translational modification governs proteins turnover, it is also implicated in non-proteolytic events, thereby regulating the most important cellular functions. The HECT E3 ligase Itch, well known to control immune response, is emerging to have a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. By illustrating Itch specificities on Hh signalling key components, here we review the role of this HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in suppressing Hh-dependent tumours and explore its potential as promising target for innovative therapeutic approaches.

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