Leukocyte numbers and intestinal mucosal morphometrics in horses with no clinical intestinal disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110319
Author(s):  
Guido Rocchigiani ◽  
Emanuele Ricci ◽  
Mauricio A. Navarro ◽  
Monika A. Samol ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Disease ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Inflammatory Processes

Healthy horses and other animals have large numbers of resident leukocytes in the intestinal wall, but there is scant information regarding which and how many leukocytes are normally present in the equine intestinal wall. Our aim was to provide a reference range of leukocytes in the intestinal mucosal and submucosal propria of normal horses. We included in our study intestinal tissues from 22 Thoroughbred racehorses with no clinical intestinal disease, which had been euthanized because of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and plasma cells were counted in 5 random 17,600-µm2 areas of villus lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and deep lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon. Other features investigated in the same intestinal segments included villus height and width (small intestine), presence of ciliated protozoa, Paneth cells number, subcryptal leukocyte layers (number of leukocyte layers between the bottom of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae), and submucosal leukocytes. Lymphocytes were the most numerous cells in all segments analyzed, followed by plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher in both lamina propria and submucosa of the large intestine than in the small intestine. The duodenum had shorter and thinner villi than either jejunum or ileum. The data provided from our study will be useful for diagnosticians examining inflammatory processes in the intestinal tract of horses.

Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract

2010 ◽  
pp. 2244-2256
Author(s):  
D.J. Unsworth
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles

The gastrointestinal tract is protected by gut-associated lymphoid tissue that provides an environment where interaction occurs between luminal antigen and specially adapted immune tissue in Peyer’s patches (small intestine only) or lymphoid follicles. T and B lymphocytes primed in the gut migrate into the systemic circulation via the thoracic duct but home preferentially to the lamina propria of the intestine. Plasma cells of the lamina propria secrete immunoglobulin A as a dimer linked by a joining peptide....

scholarly journals A34 EOSINOPHILS ALTER STEADY-STATE SMALL INTESTINAL IL-1α AND IL-1β LEVELS BUT ARE NOT REQUIRED FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF IGA-SECRETING LAMINA PROPRIA-RESIDENT PLASMA CELLS, SECRETORY IGA OR SERUM IGA LEVELS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 41-42
Author(s):  
R D FitzPatrick ◽  
M H Kennedy ◽  
K M Lawrence ◽  
B Moeller ◽  
C M Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Serum Iga ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Deficient Mice

Abstract Background During homeostasis eosinophils are highly abundant in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Eosinophils have been reported to play a role in promoting barrier function in the steady state intestinal tract, and in the control of intestinal colonization by harmless or symbiotic members of the bacterial microbiota. However, the role eosinophils play during enteric infection with a bacterial pathogen is unknown. Aims Our study aims to confirm the previously reported role of eosinophils in supporting intestinal barrier function and to investigate how the absence of eosinophils affects intestinal colonization by an enteric bacterial pathogen. Methods We used wildtype BALB/c and eosinophil-deficient (dblGATA knockout) BALB/c mice that had been cohoused, or bred as littermate controls, to normalize bacterial microbiota populations between mice used for experiments. To investigate steady state barrier function in these mice we used naïve mice to quantify levels of small intestinal IL-1α and IL-1β by cytometric bead arrays, and we used ELISAs to measure levels of immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and serum IgA. Levels of lamina propria-resident B220-IgA+ plasma cells were quantified using flow cytometry. To investigate the contributions of eosinophils to enteric bacterial infection, mice were orally infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Salmonella burdens along the intestinal tract as well as in the liver and spleen were quantified. Results We found that levels of IL-1α and IL-1β were significantly decreased in the small intestine of naive eosinophil-deficient mice, compared to wildtype mice. In naïve wildtype and eosinophil-deficient littermate control mice, we did not detect any differences in sIgA or serum IgA levels. Additionally, levels of IgA producing plasma cells were similar in the small intestinal lamina propria between wildtype and eosinophil-deficient mice. Following oral Salmonella infection, Salmonella burdens were similar between wildtype and eosinophil-deficient mice both 24 hours and three days post-infection. Conclusions Our data supports a role for eosinophils in modifying steady-state cytokine levels in the intestinal tract. For the first time we report data on IgA levels from littermate controls of wildtype and eosinophil-deficient mice, and contrary to previously published reports, we found that eosinophils are not critical for the maintenance of intestinal sIgA, serum IgA or lamina propria resident IgA producing plasma cells. Our data further concluded that an absence of eosinophils did not impact control of Salmonella infection. Funding Agencies CIHR

Functional reentry and circus movement arrhythmias in the small intestine of normal and diabetic rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (7) ◽  
pp. G684-G689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim J. E. P. Lammers ◽  
B. Stephen ◽  
S. M. Karam
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Circus Movement ◽  
Conduction Velocities ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Reentrant Arrhythmia ◽  
Reentrant Arrhythmias

In a few recent studies, the presence of arrhythmias based on reentry and circus movement of the slow wave have been shown to occur in normal and diseased stomachs. To date, however, reentry has not been demonstrated before in any other part of the gastrointestinal system. No animals had to be killed for this study. Use was made of materials obtained during the course of another study in which 11 rats were treated with streptozotocin and housed with age-matched controls. After 3 and 7 mo, segments of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were isolated and positioned in a tissue bath. Slow wave propagation was recorded with 121 extracellular electrodes. After the experiment, the propagation of the slow waves was reconstructed. In 10 of a total of 66 intestinal segments (15%), a circus movement of the slow wave was detected. These reentries were seen in control ( n = 2) as well as in 3-mo ( n = 2) and 7-mo ( n = 6) diabetic rats. Local conduction velocities and beat-to-beat intervals during the reentries were measured (0.42 ± 0.15 and 3.03 ± 0.67 cm/s, respectively) leading to a wavelength of 1.3 ± 0.5 cm and a circuit diameter of 4.1 ± 1.5 mm. This is the first demonstration of a reentrant arrhythmia in the small intestine of control and diabetic rats. Calculations of the size of the circuits indicate that they are small enough to fit inside the intestinal wall. Extrapolation based on measured velocities and rates indicate that reentrant arrhythmias are also possible in the distal small intestine of larger animals including humans.

scholarly journals Isolation and functional characterisation of lamina propria leukocytes from helminth-infected, murine small intestine

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly C. Webster ◽  
Anna T. Andrusaite ◽  
Amy L. Shergold ◽  
Simon W.F. Milling ◽  
Georgia Perona-Wright
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Functional Identification ◽  
Mucus Production ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Functional Characterisation ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe use of helminth infections as tools to understand the type 2 immune response is a well-established technique and important to many areas of immunological research. The phenotype and function of immune cell populations at the site of infection is a key determinant of pathogen clearance. However, infections with helminths such as the murine nematode Heligomosmoides polygryrus cause increased mucus production and thickening of the intestinal wall, which can result in extensive cell death when isolating and analysing cells from the lamina propria (LP). Populations of larger immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are often trapped within mucus or dying tissues. Here we describe an optimised protocol for isolating LP leukocytes from the small intestine of H.polygyrus -infected mice, and we demonstrate phenotypic and functional identification of myeloid and CD4+ T cell subsets using cytokine staining and flow cytometry. Our protocol may provide a useful experimental method for the immunological analysis of the affected tissue site during helminth infections.

scholarly journals Solubility and net exchange of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in digesta flowing along the gut of the sheep

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ben-Ghedalia ◽  
H. Tagari ◽  
S. Zamwel ◽  
A. Bondi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Major Site ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
P Absorption

1. The changes in the solubility of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in digesta flowing along the intestinal tract and the net movement across the intestinal wall of these elements were determined in six rams, each equipped with three T-shaped cannulas; cannulas were placed in a total of six different sites of the small intestine. Cr2O3 was used as a marker substance to measure the rate of flow of the digesta.2. The concentrations of soluble Ca, Mg and P decreased as digesta moved along the intestine. The greatest fall in soluble Ca occurred after the first 3 m of the intestine, while a significant decrease in soluble Mg was found only at 15 and 25 m from the pylorus. The concentration of soluble P in digesta decreased until the 7 m site and then remained stable. In the faeces, the level of soluble Mg was approximately 4 times higher than, and that of Ca equal to, the levels of Mg and Ca found in digesta flowing through the upper intestine. Unlike Ca and Mg, a very low concentration of soluble P was found in the faeces.3. In the duodenum, 84, 78 and 62% of the total Ca, Mg and P respectively were soluble, whereas in the digesta flowing through the terminal ileum the corresponding values were 3·2, 7·2 and 19% for Ca, Mg and P respectively.4. The forestomachs and the colon were found to be the main sites of Mg net absorption; 1·12 mmol/h was apparently absorbed from the stomach and 1·05 mmol/h from the colon. The upper small intestine (1–3 m from the pylorus) appeared to be the major site of Ca and P absorption.5. In the last 10 m of the small intestine, considerable amounts of minerals were secreted; 4·70, 0·96 and 1·85 mmol Ca, Mg and P/h respectively were added to the digesta flowing between 15 and 25 m from the pylorus. The effect of the increase in the pH of digesta along the small intestine on the solubility of these minerals is discussed.

scholarly journals Chemokine Receptor CCR9 Contributes to the Localization of Plasma Cells to the Small Intestine

2004 ◽  
Vol 199 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Pabst ◽  
Lars Ohl ◽  
Meike Wendland ◽  
Marc-André Wurbel ◽  
Elisabeth Kremmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cell Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Iga Response

Humoral immunity in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue is characterized by the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) by antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) in the lamina propria. The chemokine CCL25 is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and is capable of inducing chemotaxis of IgA+ PCs in vitro. Using a newly generated monoclonal antibody against murine CCR9, we show that IgA+ PCs express high levels of CCR9 in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and Peyer's patches (PPs), but down-regulate CCR9 once they are located in the small intestine. In CCR9-deficient mice, IgA+ PCs are substantially reduced in number in the lamina propria of the small intestine. In adoptive transfer experiments, CCR9-deficient IgA+ PCs show reduced migration into the small intestine compared with wild-type controls. Furthermore, CCR9 mutants fail to mount a regular IgA response to an orally administered antigen, although the architecture and cell type composition of PPs and MLN are unaffected and are functional for the generation of IgA PCs. These findings provide profound in vivo evidence that CCL25/CCR9 guides PCs into the small intestine.

scholarly journals IgA Plasma Cells Are Long-Lived Residents of Gut and Bone Marrow That Express Isotype- and Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel R. Wilmore ◽  
Brian T. Gaudette ◽  
Daniela Gómez Atria ◽  
Rebecca L. Rosenthal ◽  
Sarah Kim Reiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Gene Transcription ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Tissue Specific Gene ◽  
Bone Marrow Plasma ◽  
Transcription Program

Antibody secreting plasma cells are made in response to a variety of pathogenic and commensal microbes. While all plasma cells express a core gene transcription program that allows them to secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin, unique transcriptional profiles are linked to plasma cells expressing different antibody isotypes. IgA expressing plasma cells are generally thought of as short-lived in mucosal tissues and they have been understudied in systemic sites like the bone marrow. We find that IgA+ plasma cells in both the small intestine lamina propria and the bone marrow are long-lived and transcriptionally related compared to IgG and IgM expressing bone marrow plasma cells. IgA+ plasma cells show signs of shared clonality between the gut and bone marrow, but they do not recirculate at a significant rate and are found within bone marrow plasma cells niches. These data suggest that systemic and mucosal IgA+ plasma cells are from a common source, but they do not migrate between tissues. However, comparison of the plasma cells from the small intestine lamina propria to the bone marrow demonstrate a tissue specific gene transcription program. Understanding how these tissue specific gene networks are regulated in plasma cells could lead to increased understanding of the induction of mucosal versus systemic antibody responses and improve vaccine design.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Gastric Immune Response in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) With Helicobacter-Associated Gastritis

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Terio ◽  
L. Munson ◽  
P. F. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Outer Zone ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Large Numbers

Captive cheetahs have an unusually severe progressive gastritis that is not present in wild cheetahs infected with the same strains of Helicobacter. This gastritis, when severe, has florid lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrates in the epithelium and lamina propria with gland destruction, parietal cell loss, and, in some cases, lymphoid follicles. The local gastric immune response was characterized by immunohistochemistry in 21 cheetahs with varying degrees of gastritis. The character of the response was similar among types of gastritis except that cheetahs with severe gastritis had increased numbers (up to 70%) of lamina proprial CD79a+CD21– B cells. CD3+CD4+ T cells were present in the lamina propria, and CD3+CD8α+ T cells were within the glandular epithelium. Lymphoid aggregates had follicular differentiation with a central core of CD79a+/CD45R+ B cells and with an outer zone of CD3+ T cells that expressed both CD4 and CD8 antigens. MHC II antigens were diffusely expressed throughout the glandular and superficial epithelium. No cheetah had evidence of autoantibodies against the gastric mucosa when gastric samples from 30 cheetahs with different degrees of gastritis were incubated with autologous and heterologous serum. These findings indicate that T-cell distribution in cheetahs is qualitatively similar to that in other species infected with Helicobacter but that large numbers of lamina propria activated B cells and plasma cells did distinguish cheetahs with severe gastritis. Further research is needed to determine whether alterations in the Th1:Th2 balance are the cause of this more plasmacytic response in some cheetahs.

scholarly journals Correlates of Immune Protection in Chickens Vaccinated with Mycoplasma gallisepticum Strain GT5 following Challenge with Pathogenic M. gallisepticum Strain Rlow

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 5410-5419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Javed ◽  
Salvatore Frasca ◽  
Debra Rood ◽  
Katharine Cecchini ◽  
Martha Gladd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Mycoplasma Gallisepticum ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cellular Inflammatory Response ◽  
Specific Igg

ABSTRACT Colonization of the avian respiratory tract with Mycoplasma gallisepticum results in a profound inflammatory response in the trachea, air sacs, conjunctiva, and lungs. A live attenuated M. gallisepticum vaccine strain, GT5, was previously shown to be protective in chickens upon challenge; however, the mechanisms by which this vaccine and others confer protection remain largely unknown. The current study evaluated several potential correlates of GT5 vaccine-mediated immune protection following challenge with the pathogenic M. gallisepticum strain Rlow. GT5-vaccinated chickens developed mild tracheal lesions, consisting of few and scattered, discrete, lymphofollicular aggregates in the lamina propria. In addition, low numbers of aggregated B, CD4+, and CD8+ cells were observed to infiltrate the trachea, in stark contrast to the large numbers infiltrating the tracheas of sham-vaccinated chickens challenged with Rlow. Lymphofollicular aggregates were rarely observed prior to day 12 postchallenge in sham-vaccinated chickens. Instead, they contained an increasingly more cellular inflammatory response characterized by expansion of the lamina propria by lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic infiltrates. This was due in part to expansion of interfollicular zones by large numbers of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ cells and a sizeable population of immunoglobulin A (IgA)- and IgG-secreting plasma cells. GT5-vaccinated chickens also had higher serum IgG concentrations, and significantly higher numbers of M. gallisepticum-specific IgG- and IgA-secreting plasma/B cells within the trachea, than did sham-vaccinated chickens. These responses were observed as early as day 4 postchallenge, indicating the importance of antibody-mediated clearance of mycoplasma in GT5-vaccinated chickens.

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