Encephalopathy caused by Talisia esculenta intoxication in pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110410
Author(s):  
Valdir M. Almeida ◽  
Givaldo B. Silva-Filho ◽  
Hisadora A. S. C. Bom ◽  
Silvio M. C. Fonseca ◽  
Franklin Riet-Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Purkinje Neurons ◽  
Acute Encephalopathy ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Toxic Principle ◽  
Neonatal Lambs

An outbreak of acute encephalopathy occurred in pregnant ewes and their newborn lambs associated with consumption of Talisia esculenta fruits and bark. Clinical signs in 5 adult pregnant ewes included drooling, bloat, tachypnea, depression, ataxia, body shaking, difficulty in rising, and recumbency. Three neonatal lambs born to some of those ewes had similar clinical signs. No significant gross abnormalities were observed on autopsy. Histologically, neuronal necrosis, axonal and dendritic swelling, and loss of Purkinje neurons were observed in the cerebellum. The observation of similar neurologic clinical signs and lesions in pregnant ewes and their neonatal lambs suggests that the toxic principle of T. esculenta crosses the placenta and reaches the fetus.

Lead toxicosis in cats—a review

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Knight ◽  
MSA Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Index Of Suspicion

Although the incidence of lead toxicosis in small animals continues to decrease, it remains a significant malady. We have reviewed the literature of the past 45 years, which revealed 70 cases involving cats. Sources, signs, diagnosis, pathology and treatment of feline lead toxicosis are reviewed. In 84% of these cases the source of lead was old paint usually from home renovation. The most common signs in cats are anorexia, vomiting, and seizures. The younger individuals seem more likely to show CNS signs. Since signs are often vague, lead toxicosis may be significantly under diagnosed in cats. The gold standard of diagnostic tests is blood lead concentration, although it does not necessarily correlate with total body burden of lead or with metabolic effects including clinical signs. Diagnostic tests including erythropoietic protoporphyrin (EPP), urine aminolevulinic acid, and others are discussed. Gross findings on necropsy are few and include a yellow-brown discoloration of the liver often with a nutmeg-like appearance. Histological examination may reveal pathognomonic inclusion bodies in liver and renal tissues. Characteristic histological changes in the CNS include neuronal necrosis and demyelination. Treatment of lead toxicosis in cats, as in any species, involves removing the exposure, decontaminating the individual and the environment, supportive care and chelation therapy. The most recently available chelator is succimer (meso 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid). Succimer given orally is well tolerated and has a wide margin of safety. A high index of suspicion of lead toxicosis is warranted in cats since they often present with vague and non-specific signs. With any consistent history owners need to be asked about home renovation. Early diagnosis and treatment affords a good prognosis.

scholarly journals Poisoning of cattle by Senecio spp. in Brazil: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 1459-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Welden Panziera ◽  
Saulo P. Pavarini ◽  
Luciana Sonne ◽  
Claudio S.L. Barros ◽  
David Driemeier
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Toxic Principle ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Subcutaneous Edema ◽  
High Concentrations

ABSTRACT: Poisoning of cattle by plants of the Senecio genus represents an important cause of death in cattle and has important economic repercussions in southern Brazil. This review is intended to provide a detailed review of Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle and addresses issues regarding the toxic principle and pathogenesis of the disease caused by these plants and the epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, control and prophylaxis of the disease. Senecio brasiliensis is the main species associated with natural intoxication of livestock in Brazil, and the number of cases associated with the ingestion of S. madagascariensis is increasing. The toxic principle of Senecio spp. comprises the hepatotoxic alkaloids of the pyrrolizidine group (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, PAs). The resulting liver lesions are chronic and irreversible and result from the inhibition of hepatocellular mitosis. Deaths of adult cattle may occur both sporadically and in larger outbreaks over an extended period of time. In cattle raising, Senecio spp. are consumed mainly during the winter, when there is a dearth of forage; at this time the poisonous Senecio species are budding and contain high concentrations of PAs. Spontaneous Senecio spp. intoxication in cattle is a chronic condition that frequently involves acute clinical manifestations. Affected cattle may present ascites, emaciation, intermittent dark diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse, and neurological signs resulting from hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogenous photosensitization may be observed but is uncommon. Necropsy findings include dependent subcutaneous edema, ascites, and edema of the mesentery, abomasal folds, and gallbladder. The liver is firm, normal or reduced in size with a white, thick capsule. Microscopically, the hallmarks of Senecio-associated disease are varying degrees of hepatocellular megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia and fibrosis. Sheep are significantly more resistant to Senecio intoxication than are cattle and avidly ingest Senecio plants; therefore, the use of sheep for grazing infested pasture is recommended for preventing the associated disease in cattle.

Ovine Adenovirus Serotype 7-associated Mortality in Lambs in the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Debey ◽  
H. D. Lehmkuhl ◽  
C. Chard-Bergstrom ◽  
L. A. Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adenovirus Serotype ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques

Adenoviral infections were diagnosed in three neonatal lambs that died spontaneously, and no other etiologic agents were identified. Clinical signs were anorexia, weakness, abdominal distention, and sudden death. Microscopic lesions consisted of multifocal necrotizing hepatitis, multifocal subacute interstitial nephritis, and loss of enterocytes from intestinal villi. Adenovirus inclusions were identified by light microscopy in the kidneys only. Adenoviral antigen, however, was identified in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the lambs by immunohistochemical techniques. An ovine adenovirus serotype 7, not previously isolated from sheep in the United States, was characterized from these lambs.

scholarly journals Pathological findings in fetuses of goats and cattle poisoned by Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro M.O. Pedroso ◽  
Edson Moleta Colodel ◽  
Anderson Luiz Seitz ◽  
Gabriel L.F. Correa ◽  
Mauro Pereira Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Purkinje Neurons ◽  
Pancreatic Acinar Cells ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Thyroid Follicular Cells

In Brazil, the consumption of Sida carpinifolia by livestock has been associated with neurological diseases linked to lysosomal storage disorders. This paper describes the pathological findings in two caprine fetuses from dams that were experimentally poisoned with S. carpinifolia. The goats were orally dosed with 10 and 13g/kg of a paste of green chopped S. carpinifolia for 30 days and were observed for an additional 15 days period after the last dosage with the plant; thereafter they were euthanized and necropsied. The dams showed only slight clinical signs. The study also includes the findings in one bovine fetus from a naturally S. carpinifolia poisoned cow which showed mild incoordination, generalized tremors, staggering, and frequent falls. The cow was euthanized and necropsied. While there were no significant histopathological changes in the goats, in the cow vacuolation of Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum, pancreatic acinar cells, and thyroid follicular cells were observed. The main microscopic changes observed in the caprine and bovine fetuses were vacuolation in the epithelium of renal tubules, thyroid follicular cells, and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. Transmission electron microscopy of sections from CNS of the cow and its fetus revealed vacuoles containing fine granular material surrounded by membrane. Lectin-histochemistry of CNS sections from goat fetuses marked lightly to sWGA lectins, WGA, and Con-A.

scholarly journals Neurological diseases in cattle caused by plants and mycotoxins in Santa Catarina state, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Raissa M. Morais ◽  
Nathalia S. Wicpolt ◽  
Francieli A. Molossi ◽  
Daiane Ogliari ◽  
Ademar M. Mori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Purkinje Neurons ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Ipomoea Triloba ◽  
Microscopic Findings ◽  
Claviceps Paspali ◽  
Santa Catarina State

ABSTRACT: This study described the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of 25 outbreaks of neurological diseases in cattle caused by plants and mycotoxins in Santa Catarina state. Six of them were due to Sida carpinifolia poisoning, five to Solanum fastigiatum, five to Phalaris angusta, three to Claviceps paspali, three to Claviceps purpurea, and three outbreaks were of unknown etiology. The clinical signs observed in the affected cattle were mild to severe and characterized by generalized muscle tremors, incoordination, hypermetria, wide-based stance, intentional head tremors, dull staring eyes, and frequent ear twitching, with convulsions in some cases. At necropsy, lesions were observed only for P. angusta poisoning, characterized by gray-greenish discoloration in thalamus and midbrain. Microscopically, rarefaction and/or disappearance of Purkinje neurons with substitution by Bergmann cells were observed for S. carpinifolia and S. fastigiatum poisoning. For P. angusta poisoning, thin granular brown-yellowish pigment was observed in the cytoplasm of some neurons. Gross and microscopic findings were not observed in three outbreaks of tremorgenic disease of unknown etiology. Experiments conducted with leaves, flowers and seeds of Ipomoea indivisa and Ipomoea triloba, as well as with maize and soybean residues contaminated with Ipomoea spp. did not reproduced clinical signs.

Lack of Neuronal Vacuolation and Necrosis in Monkeys Treated with Selfotel (CGS 19755), A Competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Antagonist

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk R. Huber ◽  
Pritam S. Sahota ◽  
John Kapeghian ◽  
Helen Han Hsu ◽  
Kenjie Amemiya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Aspartate Receptor ◽  
Cgs 19755 ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Neuronal Vacuolation

Several N-methyl-D-aspartate (N M D A) receptor antagonists are being developed to reduce overstimulation of N M D A receptors by excessive glutamate, released as a consequence of acute cerebral hypoxial ischemia after stroke or head trauma. N M D A receptor antagonists, including Selfotel (C G S 19755), have been demonstrated to cause neuronal vacuolation and neuronal necrosis in the retrosplenial and / or posterior cingulate cerebral cortices of rats; however, little in formation is available on their effects on the cerebral cortices of primates. Cynomolgus monkeys were treated with single parenteral doses of N M D A antagonists (Selfotel or M K-801). Monkeys were administered intravenous doses of Selfotel at 2 or 20 mg/kg and were necropsied 4, 24, or 72 h postdose. Additional monkeys, administered M K-801 subcutaneously at 0.25 mg/kg, were necropsied 4 or 72 h postdose. Overt, centrally mediated clinical signs occurred in both Selfote l- and M K-801–treated monkeys (e.g., at axia, hypoactivity, salivation, convulsions, disorientation, dyspnea, apnea, recumbency, and cyanosis). Brains were perfusion-fixed in situ with 1% paraformaldehyde and 1.5% glutaraldehyde in pyrophosphate buffer. Brain sections from the animals necropsied 4 and 24 h postdose we reembedded in plastics (Durcupan) and paraffin, cut at 1 or 2 μm thickness, and stained with Richardson's stain. Brains from the animals necropsie d 72 h postdose were embedded in paraffin, cut at 4 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopic examination of posterior cingulate and/or retrosplenial cerebral cortices from monkey streated with Selfotel or M K-801 did not reveal any neuronal vacuolation or necrosis.

scholarly journals Successful induction of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in lambs of different ages and detection of viraemia during the preclinical period

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 3319-3324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Salvatori ◽  
Lorenzo González ◽  
Patricia Dewar ◽  
Christina Cousens ◽  
Marcelo de las Heras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Lung Fluid ◽  
Successful Induction ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Intratracheal Injection

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) can be reproduced consistently in neonatal lambs by intratracheal injection of inocula containing jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). In this study, clinical disease, confirmed pathologically as OPA, was induced in a high proportion of lambs that had been inoculated intratracheally with infectious lung fluid at 1, 3 and 6 months of age. The incubation periods, however, were longer in these three age groups than in 1-week-old lambs that were used as controls. Viraemia was detected in all age groups before onset of clinical signs, but occurred later in older animals. These results suggest an age-dependent susceptibility to OPA that could be determined by the availability of JSRV target cells in the ovine lung. The feasibility of inducing OPA in older lambs and detecting JSRV viraemia in preclinical stages enables improved studies on the pathogenesis, assessment of vaccines, diagnosis and control of the disease.

Verminous meningoencephalomyelitis in a red kangaroo associated with Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110376
Author(s):  
Sonika Patial ◽  
Brooke A. Delcambre ◽  
Peter M. DiGeronimo ◽  
Gary Conboy ◽  
Adriano F. Vatta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Red Kangaroo ◽  
Brown Discoloration ◽  
Zoo Animals ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gross Examination

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a zoonotic parasitic helminth that normally resides in the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle of rats ( Rattus sp.), the definitive host, where it causes little disease. Humans, dogs, opossums, and various zoo animals are “accidental” hosts. Here we report verminous meningoencephalomyelitis caused by A. cantonensis in a 9-mo-old male red kangaroo ( Macropus rufus). The kangaroo was first presented lethargic, recumbent, and hypothermic, with severe muscle wasting. Within 3 wk, he progressed to non-ambulatory paraparesis and died. Gross examination revealed multifocal areas of dark-brown discoloration, malacia, and cavitation in the brain and the spinal cord. Histologically, there were several sections of nematodes surrounded by extensive areas of rarefaction, hemorrhage, spongiosis, neuronal necrosis, and gliosis. Based on size, morphology, and organ location, the nematodes were identified as subadult males and females. Interestingly, an eosinophilic response was largely absent, and the inflammatory response was minimal. A. cantonensis infection had not been reported previously in a red kangaroo in Louisiana or Mississippi, to our knowledge. Our case reaffirms the widespread presence of the helminth in the southeastern United States and indicates that A. cantonensis should be considered as a differential in macropods with neurologic clinical signs in regions where A. cantonensis is now endemic.

Immunological detection of 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts in developing pontine and Purkinje neurons and in karyorrhexis in pontosubicular neuronal necrosis

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuo Itakura ◽  
Osamu Kurauchi ◽  
Sachio Takashima ◽  
Koji Uchida ◽  
Mitsuaki Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Adducts ◽  
Purkinje Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Immunological Detection

Watery mouth disease in neonatal lambs: a systematic literature review

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Angell ◽  
Jennifer Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Neonatal Lambs ◽  
Birth Environment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Timely Administration

Watery mouth disease is considered to be a significant cause of neonatal mortality in lambs. The clinical signs are strongly associated with an endotoxaemia produced as a result of the lysis of Gram-negative bacteria. It has been associated with mass antibiosis to neonatal lambs at birth, a practice which is now untenable. It can be prevented in many cases through the timely administration of good quality colostrum and a hygienic birth environment. However, despite this, much remains unknown about the specific aetiopathogenesis. Alternative strategies for prevention, treatment and control are required, particularly when colostrum quality is poor, or delivery is absent, and where unhygienic conditions predominate.

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