scholarly journals Passive Immunization Against Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease: Development of Recombinant and Human Monoclonal Antibodies

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Abiko

Indigenous micro-organisms in the oral cavity can cause two major diseases, dental caries and periodontal diseases. There is neither agreement nor consensus as to the actual mechanisms of pathogenesis of the specific virulence factors of these micro-organisms. The complexity of the bacterial community in dental plaque has made it difficult for the single bacterial agent of dental caries to be determined. However, there is considerable evidence that Streptococcus mutans is implicated as the primary causative organism of dental caries, and the cell-surface protein antigen (SA I/II) as well as glucosyltransferases (GTFs) produced by S. mutans appear to be major colonization factors. Various forms of periodontal diseases are closely associated with specific subgingival bacteria. Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as an important etiological agent of adult periodontitis. Adherence of bacteria to host tissues is a prerequisite for colonization and one of the important steps in the disease process. Bacterial coaggregation factors and hemagglutinins likely play major roles in colonization in the subgingival area. Emerging evidence suggests that inhibition of these virulence factors may protect the host against caries and periodontal disease. Active and passive immunization approaches have been developed for immunotherapy of these diseases. Recent advances in mucosal immunology and the introduction of novel strategies for inducing mucosal immune responses now raise the possibility that effective and safe vaccines can be constructed. In this regard, some successful results have been reported in animal experimental models. Nevertheless, since the public at large might be skeptical about the seriousness of oral diseases, immunotherapy must be carried out with absolute safety. For this goal to be achieved, the development of safe antibodies for passive immunization is significant and important. In this review, salient advances in passive immunization against caries and periodontal diseases are summarized, and the biotechnological approaches for developing recombinant and human-type antibodies are introduced. Furthermore, our own attempts to construct single-chain variable fragments (ScFv) and human-type antibodies capable of neutralizing virulence factors are discussed.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kívia Queiroz de Andrade ◽  
Cássio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva ◽  
Robson Coutinho-Silva

Porphyromonas gingivalis(P. gingivalis) andFusobacterium nucleatum(F. nucleatum) are Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria possessing several virulence factors that make them potential pathogens associated with periodontal disease. Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, including gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss and is considered one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide.P. gingivalisandF. nucleatumpossess virulence factors that allow them to survive in hostile environments by selectively modulating the host’s immune-inflammatory response, thereby creating major challenges to host cell survival. Studies have demonstrated that bacterial infection and the host immune responses are involved in the induction of periodontitis. The NLRP3 inflammasome and its effector molecules (IL-1βand caspase-1) play roles in the development of periodontitis. We and others have reported that the purinergic P2X7 receptor plays a role in the modulation of periodontal disease and intracellular pathogen control. Caspase-4/5 (in humans) and caspase-11 (in mice) are important effectors for combating bacterial pathogens via mediation of cell death and IL-1βrelease. The exact molecular events of the host’s response to these bacteria are not fully understood. Here, we review innate and adaptive immune responses induced byP. gingivalisandF. nucleatuminfections and discuss the possibility of manipulations of the immune response as therapeutic strategies. Given the global burden of periodontitis, it is important to develop therapeutic targets for the prophylaxis of periodontopathogen infections.


2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annetta K L Tsang ◽  
Saso Ivanovski ◽  
Philip S Bird

Dental plaque, a natural oral biofilm is involved in the aetiology of dental caries and periodontal disease. Despite decades of research, the microbiology, aetiology and pathogenesis of these diseases remain controversial. A number of factors interplay in these diseases, the indigenous microbes that inhabit the oral cavity, diet, host susceptibility and time. The ?Non-Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (NSPH) was proposed where the overall mass of plaque interacted with the host and caused disease. An alternative view was the ?Specific Plaque Hypothesis? (SPH) where, among the diverse microbial community, a limited subset of specific bacteria were associated with disease. In recent years, the ?Ecological Plaque Hypothesis? (EPH) has been proposed that it be recognised that the oral ecology as a whole contributes to the aetiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases, with shifts in the composition of microbial communities being of particular importance.


Author(s):  
Jageer Chinna ◽  
Jannat Sharma

Periodontal diseases are inflammatory and destructive diseases of the dentogingival complex associated with specific periodontal pathogens inhabiting periodontal pockets. Periodontal diseases lead to damage of the periodontal tissues supporting the teeth (bone and connective tissue) and affect the quality of life of the affected individuals: poor alimentation, tooth loss, social and financial problems. Although it is generally considered that the disease has multifactorial etiology, data show that some specific Gram-negative microorganisms in the subgingival plaque biofilm play a major role in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia form a consortium in the subgingival biofilm and are regarded as the principal periodontopathogenic bacteria. Other microorganisms that have been implicated as predominant species in the disease process are: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Peptostreptococcus migros, Eikenella corrodens. In periodontitis, the initiation of the disease is the colonization of the tissues by these pathogenic species. The next step is bacterial invasion or invasion by pathogenic products into the periodontal tissues, interactions of bacteria or their substances with host cells, and this directly/indirectly causes degradation of the periodontium, resulting in tissue destruction. Keywords: periodontal disease, periodontal pathogens, microbiology.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Camilla Magnoni Moretto Nunes ◽  
Camila Lopes Ferreira ◽  
Daniella Vicensotto Bernardo ◽  
Andréa Carvalho De Marco ◽  
Mauro Pedrine Santamaria ◽  
...  

<p>Chronic renal disease promotes a decrease on kidneys filterability and nitrogen products accumulation on blood, electrolyte and system endocrine functions imbalance. Among the many clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure (CRF) in the oral cavity, there are: dry mouth, uremic stomatitis, radiographic changes in maxillary and jaw bones and accumulation of calculus on the teeth that increases levels of periodonto pathogenic microorganisms able to lead a periodontal tissue destruction and also have the potential to act from a distance on other organs, e.g. the kidneys. Thus, it becomes evident that a periodontal treatment of patients suffering from chronic renal failure is crucial for maintaining their general health conditions and a subsequent successful organ transplant.Thus, the objectives of this case report were to highlight how important the periodontal treatment is for chronic renal failure patients and to demonstrate improvements in their clinical condition through the treatment plan proposed herein. A patient with 43 years old carrier generalized moderate chronic periodontitis and CRF was submitted to scaling and root planning sessions, and later surgical access for scaling where the basic treatment not resulted in a resolution of the inflammatory periodontal process. The results obtained from a well-developed periodontal treatment and an effective cooperation of patient showed satisfactory results with periodontal disease process resolution or stabilization.Thus, periodontal treatment and patient compliance were crucial for the improvement of periodontal clinical conditions enabling a future successful renal transplantation.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Dental care; Periodontal diseases; Renal insufficiency.</p>


1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R.B. Russell

The Specific Plaque Hypothesis posits that particular bacteria are of unique importance in the etiology of dental caries and periodontal diseases, and a logical conclusion is that these bacteria should be the targets for our 'magic bullets' in devising plaque-control methods. This paper considers the development of preventive measures based on understanding of the significance of particular bacterial species and the properties of those bacteria. Knowledge of the importance of specific organisms as mediators of disease and molecular studies on the properties of potential virulence factors may reveal potential targets for inhibition, blocking by synthetic analogues, or functional inactivation by antibodies.


1985 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Cahen ◽  
R.M. Frank ◽  
J.C. Turlot

3516 French dentists, selected at random, were asked to record every tooth they extracted during January, 1984. They were also asked to give the reason for extraction in each case. These were assigned to eight groups: caries, periodontal diseases, eruption problems, prosthetics, trauma, orthodontics, occlusal problems, and other reasons. Data were received from 910 dentists (25.3%) relating to a total of 14,621 extractions. Overall, caries was the most frequent cause for extraction (49%), followed by periodontal diseases (32.4%) and orthodontics (8.4%). In the age group under 50, dental caries was the main reason for extraction. However, in the age group over 50, periodontal diseases became the principal reason for extraction. Orthodontic extractions were most prominent in the 6-12 and 13-20 age groups, with respective frequencies of 72.6% and 24.8% of all extractions. Eruption problems contributed most frequently in the 13-20 and 21-30 age groups, their respective percentages being 8.7% and 12.3%. Extractions resulting from trauma were most frequently noted in the under-6 age group (frequency of 8.8%). As far as the type of tooth was concerned, first and second molars taken together made up 29.6% of extractions These were followed by pre-molars, anterior teeth, and third molars at levels of 25.8%, 29.9%, and 14.7%, respectively. The teeth most frequently extracted because of caries were the molars (40.9%); because of periodontal disease, the anteriors (49.1%); and, for prosthetic reasons, again the anteriors (57.5%). Extractions from the various regions of France showed important variations. Percentage frequencies for caries and periodontal extractions were inversely linked.


2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagat Bhushan ◽  
Sanjay Chachra

ABSTRACT Probiotics have been used to improve gastrointestinal health for quite some time and their popularity has prompted increased interest for their role in promotion of oral health. There also has been a change in understanding of the oral disease process because of better understanding of ecology and microbiology of oral cavity. Very encouraging studies have come up in recent past exploring probiotics in fields of caries, periodontal diseases and few other areas and the results tend to suggest beneficial effects of probiotics on oral health and on whole body in general . Given these recent developments, it was considered timely to review the background and conceptual framework of the use of these agents in reducing dental caries. The evidence for the use of pro or prebiotics for the prevention of caries is reviewed.


2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baswaraj Biradar ◽  
Prapulla Devi

ABSTRACT Aim This review intends to provide a brief overview regarding quorum sensing among bacteria in biofilms and also attempts to throw light on the new research focusing on interference with the quorum sensing. Background Dental plaque is an example of microbial biofilm leading to periodontal disease and dental caries. Quorum sensing is widely employed by a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species to coordinate various activities in biofilms. Quorum-sensing-interfering compounds have either a positive or a negative effect on the expression of bacterial phenotypes regulated by quorum sensing. These studies of bacterial quorum sensing have also suggested several ideal targets for drug design which can be promising in preventive and therapeutic aspects of periodontal diseases and dental caries. Results Studies have shown that periodontal disease and dental caries is caused by plaque biofilm bacteria. Quorum sensing is the means of communication between these bacteria to regulate a wide range of behavior patterns among them. The in vitro studies reviewed here have a vital role in opening up this field, because they reveal the basic machinery of cell—cell signaling in microbial communities. The signal machinery bacteria use to coordinate a variety of their activities is identified by these studies. Further, this review aims to discuss several natural and synthetic methods which were used for manipulating bacterial quorum sensing. Conclusion The future challenge lies in the ability of the dental research to develop additional mechanisms for interfering with bacterial quorum sensing which can be used as preventive and therapeutic tools for combating oral polymicrobial diseases. Clinical significance This article aims at reviewing the literature and helping us to understand the ways of communication among bacteria in biofilms, which further open up the prospects in the treatment of diseases caused by biofilms. How to cite this article Biradar B, Devi P. Quorum Sensing in Plaque Biofilms: Challenges and Future Prospects. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(6):479-485.


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