A Response to Jon Agley’s “Expectancy Violation and COVID-19 Misinformation”

2021 ◽  
pp. 105065192110216
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Bogomoletc ◽  
Nicole Lee
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Violation

Beyond Surprise: The Puzzle of Infants' Expressive Reactions to Expectancy Violation.

Emotion ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus R. Scherer ◽  
Marcel R. Zentner ◽  
Daniel Stern
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Violation

scholarly journals Could the Visual Differential Attention Be a Referential Gesture? A Study on Horses (Equus caballus) on the Impossible Task Paradigm

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Alterisio ◽  
Paolo Baragli ◽  
Massimo Aria ◽  
Biagio D’Aniello ◽  
Anna Scandurra
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Visual Selective Attention ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
The People ◽  
Tactile Interaction ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Impossible Task ◽  
Differential Attention

In order to explore the decision-making processes of horses, we designed an impossible task paradigm aimed at causing an expectancy violation in horses. Our goals were to verify whether this paradigm is effective in horses by analyzing their motivation in trying to solve the task and the mode of the potential helping request in such a context. In the first experiment, 30 horses were subjected to three consecutive conditions: no food condition where two persons were positioned at either side of a table in front of the stall, solvable condition when a researcher placed a reachable reward on the table, and the impossible condition when the food was placed farther away and was unreachable by the horse. Eighteen horses were used in the second experiment with similar solvable and impossible conditions but in the absence of people. We measured the direction of the horse’s ear cup as an indicator of its visual attention in terms of visual selective attention (VSA) when both ears were directed at the same target and the visual differential attention (VDA) when the ears were directed differentially to the persons and to the table. We also included tactile interaction toward table and people, the olfactory exploration of the table, and the frustration behaviors in the ethogram. In the first experiment, the VDA was the most frequent behavior following the expectancy violation. In the second experiment, horses showed the VDA behavior mostly when people and the unreachable resource were present at the same time. We speculate that the VDA could be a referential gesture aimed to link the solution of the task to the people, as a request for help.

Expositionsübungen und Verhaltensexperimente: Varianten des erfahrungsbasierten Lernens in der Verhaltenstherapie

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hoyer ◽  
Hannah C.M. Niermann
Keyword(s):  
Expectancy Violation

Expositionsübungen (Reizkonfrontationen) stellen die wichtigste Interventionskomponente bei Angststörungen dar; Verhaltensexperimente die wichtigste beobachtungsbezogene Disputationsmethode. Beides sind Beispiele erfahrungsorientierten Lernens in der Verhaltenstherapie. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden diese Vorgehensweisen definiert, in ihren Durchführungsvarianten dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer logischen Begründung sowie ihrer hypothetischen Wirkmechanismen verglichen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass beide Ansätze gemäß dem Prinzip der Erwartungs- bzw. Befürchtungswiderlegung (expectancy violation) erwartungs- bzw. einstellungskonträre Erfahrungen ermöglichen sollen. Der Schwerpunkt bei den Expositionsübungen liegt auf der Veränderung des emotionalen Erlebens und automatisierter Vermeidungsreaktionen in bestimmten Zielsituationen, bei den Verhaltensexperimenten liegt er auf der Veränderung von Einstellungen und Erwartungen. Ferner wird bei den Expositionsübungen der Erwerb emotionaler Kompetenzen (Furchttoleranz) angestrebt, was bei Verhaltensexperimenten zumindest nicht primär intendiert ist. Zwar zielt die Fallkonzeption bei Expositionen mehr auf die Veränderung problematischer Handlungen/Vermeidungsreaktionen und bei Verhaltensexperimenten mehr auf die Veränderung problematischer Kognitionen, beide Interventionsvarianten konvergieren aber grundsätzlich hinsichtlich des übenden Ansatzes, bei dem durch häufige Wiederholung im Alltag positive Kontrasterfahrungen stabil im Gedächtnis verankert werden sollen.

Expectancy Violation and Choosing Whom to Help

1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 831-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Curtis Russell ◽  
W. Dale Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
Behavioral Choice ◽  
The One

An effect of expectancy violation on choice behavior was studied in a helping context to extend understanding of expectancies to behavioral choice and to fill a need in altruism research. Subjects were required to choose between tutoring a student who performed well (needing less help) vs one who performed poorly (needing more help). It was hypothesized that confirming expectancies would lead to choosing the recipient needing more help, whereas violating them would result in choosing the one needing less. Expectancies for students' performance, induced by instructions, were confirmed or violated by videotape recordings of “actual” performances either congruent with or discrepant from those expected. Results strongly supported predictions.

“It’s Global Warming, Stupid”: Aggressive Communication Styles and Political Ideology in Science Blog Debates About Climate Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003-1025
Author(s):  
Shupei Yuan ◽  
Hang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Psychological Reactance ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
Important Mediator ◽  
Aggressive Communication ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Violation Of Expectation ◽  
Moderating Role

The current study examined the effects of aggressive communication styles on individuals’ pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Two underlying mechanisms—psychological reactance and expectancy violation—as well as the moderating role played by political ideology were investigated. An online experiment ( N = 423) was conducted and the results showed that more aggressive style was more likely to trigger psychological reactance and violation of expectation, liberals responded more negatively to the aggressive message than conservatives, and expectancy violation was an important mediator. The findings provide explanations for how communication styles affect individuals’ information processing and offer implications regarding selecting communication styles wisely.

Inducing and manipulating sensations of incompleteness

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-263
Author(s):  
William Taboas ◽  
Dean McKay
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Tasks ◽  
Inhibitory Learning ◽  
The Relationship

Incompleteness (INC) and Harm Avoidance (HA) are known core dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Emotional processing and inhibitory learning (IL) have both been proposed as viable mechanisms of exposure for the alleviation of HA, yet the relationship with INC remains unclear. This study evaluated differential manipulation responses to induced INC. The authors specifically tested whether targeting the key component of IL, expectancy violation generated by the discrepancy between an articulated prediction and the actual exposure experience, would lead to improved outcomes. A sample of undergraduates (N = 68) completed a series of behavioral tasks to induce INC, followed by manipulations (exposure with or without articulated predictions) to reduce INC reactions. Results show that modest changes were observed following reduction manipulations following INC induction. Furthermore, heightened HA predicted the changes of induced sensations. Mediation tests showed that articulation of predicted sensations mediated pre- to postreduction ratings. Clinical and research implications are discussed.

ERP Measures Assay the Degree of Expectancy Violation of Harmonic Contexts in Music

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Janata
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Overt Response ◽  
Expectancy Violations ◽  
Expectancy Violation ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Probability Structure ◽  
Musical Context

Expectancy violations of a highly constrained musical context were studied by presenting subjects with a chord sequence (I, IV, V) that generated a strong expectancy for a specific final chord, and then completing the sequence with either a “best-possible” (Tonic), harmonically plausible (Minor), or harmonically implausible (Dissonant) resolution. Subjects determined whether it was the best-possible resolution, and in one-half of the trials made their decision known with an overt response. Several ERP waveform components showed differences among resolution types, response conditions, and electrode locations. Among the affected components were two subclasses of the P300, the first of which (P3a) was largest in response to the Dissonant in both response conditions at all electrode sites. The area and peak amplitude of the P3b varied at several electrode sites as a function of the degree of expectancy violation represented by the resolutions. The peak latency of the P3b component reflected the behavioral response time measurement in which the Tonic and Dissonant were identified 300 msec more quickly than the Minor. A comparison between frequency and timedomain data analyses demonstrates several parallels, and it is concluded that both can serve to investigate the perception and processing of the probability structure underlying musical events and contexts.

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