Amiloride (Midamor®, Merck, Sharp and Dohme)

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. Macfie ◽  
Carol L. Colvin ◽  
Philip O. Anderson ◽  
Eric A. Jackson ◽  
Alex A. Cardoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Impaired Renal Function ◽  
Antihypertensive Effect ◽  
Diuretic Effect ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Digitalis Therapy ◽  
Patient Tolerance ◽  
Complicating Factors ◽  
The Cost

Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic that is pharmacologically similar to triamterene. It has been widely used abroad for several years, alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide. As a potassium-sparing agent, amiloride appears to be approximately as effective as triamterene and spironolactone and to have a longer duration of action than triamterene, allowing once daily dosing. The diuretic effect of amiloride is mild, as are all agents that act at distal tubular sites. Amiloride appears to have an antihypertensive effect approximating that of the thiazides and spironolactone – an advantage over triamterene, which is devoid of antihypertensive effects. Amiloride will probably be most useful as a potassium-sparing agent in combination with the thiazide and loop diuretics. It should be kept in mind, however, that many patients on thiazide diuretics do not need supplemental potassium or potassium-sparing agents if they have no other complicating factors, such as digitalis therapy. When hypokalemia causes symptoms, a potassium-sparing agent may have advantages over oral potassium supplements in patient tolerance and compliance. Because of the possibility of tumorigenicity and estrogenic side effects, spironolactone's popularity has been decreasing in recent years. Amiloride will probably be a strong competitor of triamterene and spironolactone because of its longer duration of action than triamterene and, from early indications (cf. ticrynafen), more benign side effects than spironolactone. The drug should be used with great caution, if at all, in patients with impaired renal function, however. The benefits of amiloride will have to be weighed against the cost of the drug in individual patients.

scholarly journals Experiences, Preferences, and Needs of Adolescents and Urban Youth in Contraceptive Use in Conakry, 2019, Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Bangoura ◽  
Nafissatou Dioubaté ◽  
Hawa Manet ◽  
Bienvenu Salim Camara ◽  
Mariama Kouyaté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Young People ◽  
Service Delivery ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Sexual Pleasure ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: The use of contraceptive methods is very low in Guinea, particularly among adolescents and young people. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experiences and expectations of adolescents and young people regarding the use of contraceptive methods in 2019 in Conakry, Guinea.Methods: We conducted a 6-month qualitative and descriptive study. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with adolescents and young people, health providers and health policy makers. Two approaches of deductive and inductive analysis were used to synthesize the main insights from the data.Findings: Twenty-six participants were included in this study. Adolescents and young people have personal, family and community experiences that positively or negatively influence their contraceptive needs and preferences. Positive experiences include the relative cost of injectable forms, perceived absence of side effects of implants, proven efficacy and duration of action of the modern method used (implants and injectable form). Negative experiences included cost of implants remain high (15 Euros), perceived side effects including weight gain, pill compliance, method indiscretion, and low sensation of sexual pleasure for the condom. The preferences of the young participants were dominated by Implants and injectable forms that better meet their contraceptive needs. In terms of needs, the expectations expressed revolved around needs related to the health system, including sex education, reduction in the cost of some contraceptives (implants), availability of contraceptive methods, and equity in the provision of family planning services to adolescents and young people.Conclusion: Exploring the contraceptive experiences, needs and preferences of adolescents and young people reveals decision-making dilemmas. Adolescents and young people expressed their experiences in terms of the cost of preferred contraceptives (implants), side effects, proven efficacy, and duration of action. However, their decisions are still influenced by availability, equity in service delivery, and the involvement of parents and religious leaders in sex education. Decision-makers should then place particular emphasis on improving health service delivery, adolescent sexual and reproductive health, availability of preferred contraceptive methods at affordable cost, and a program on sexuality education with the involvement of parents and religious leaders and the promotion of condom use.

Perspectives on the Therapeutic Benefits of Arginine Supplementation in Cancer Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 913-920
Author(s):  
Fabiani L. R. Beal ◽  
Pedro R. Beal ◽  
Juliana R. Beal ◽  
Natan Carvalho-Neves ◽  
Octávio L. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Endothelial Permeability ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Cell Growth And Differentiation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Background: Arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid in healthy adults and the elderly. This amino acid seems to improve the immune system, stimulate cell growth and differentiation, and increase endothelial permeability, among other effects. For those reasons, it has been theorized that arginine supplementation may be used as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapy treatments. Objective: This review aims to evaluate the existing knowledge of the scientific community on arginine supplementation in order to improve the efficacy of current cancer treatment. Results: Despite the continued efforts of science to improve treatment strategies, cancer remains one of the greatest causes of death on the planet in adults and elderly people. Chemo and radiotherapy are still the most effective treatments but at the cost of significant side effects. Conclusion: Thus, new therapeutic perspectives have been studied in recent years, to be used in addition to traditional treatments or not, seeking to treat or even cure the various types of cancer with fewer side effects.

Twitter Analysis of the Nonmedical Use and Side Effects of Methylphenidate, and User Sentiment about the Drug (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungu Kim ◽  
Su Cheol Kim ◽  
Jaegwon Jeong ◽  
Myeong Gyu Kim
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Social Networking Services ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Nonmedical Use ◽  
Twitter Analysis ◽  
Sentiment Score ◽  
The Cost

BACKGROUND Methylphenidate, a stimulant used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has the potential for nonmedical uses such as study and recreation. In the era of active use of social networking services (SNSs), experience with the nonmedical use or side effects of methylphenidate might be shared on Twitter. OBJECTIVE To analyze monthly tweets about methylphenidate, its nonmedical use and side effects, and user sentiments about methylphenidate. METHODS Tweets mentioning methylphenidate from August 2018 to July 2019 were collected using search terms for methylphenidate and its brand names. Only tweets written in English were included. The monthly number of tweets about methylphenidate and the number of tweets containing keywords related to the nonmedical use and side effects of methylphenidate were analyzed. Precision was calculated as the number of true nonmedical use or side effects divided by the number of tweets containing each keywords. Sentiment analysis was conducted using the text and emoji in tweets, and tweets were categorized as very negative (less than -3), negative (-3 to -1), neutral (0), positive (1 to 3), or very positive (more than 3), depending on the sentiment score. RESULTS A total of 4,169 tweets were ultimately selected for analysis. The number of tweets per month was lowest in August (n=264) and highest in May (n=435). There were 292 (7.0%) tweets about nonmedical uses of methylphenidate. Among those, 200 (4.8%) described use for studying, and 15 (0.4%) described use for recreation. In 91 (2.2%) tweets, snorting methylphenidate was mentioned. Side effects of methylphenidate, mainly poor appetite (n=74, 1.8%) and insomnia (n=54, 1.3%), were reported in 316 (7.6%) tweets. The average sentiment score was 0.027 ± 1.475, and neutral tweets were the most abundant (n=1,593, 38.2%). CONCLUSIONS Tweets about methylphenidate were most abundant in May, mentioned nonmedical use for study or recreation, and contained information about side effects. Analysis of Twitter has the advantage of saving the cost and time needed to conduct a survey, and could help identify nonmedical uses and side effects of drugs.

scholarly journals Length of efficacy and effect of implant location in adult tom cats treated with a 9.4 mg deslorelin subcutaneous implant

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Romagnoli ◽  
Anna Baldan ◽  
Silvia Ferro ◽  
Camilla Righetti ◽  
Ludovico Scenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Testicular Volume ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Testosterone Production ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
Duration Of Efficacy ◽  
Testicular Histology

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess duration of efficacy, side effects and return to fertility following use of the 9.4 mg deslorelin implant (Suprelorin 12; Virbac) in cats, and test whether efficacy and duration of action are influenced by implantation site (interscapular vs periumbilical). Methods Sixteen healthy adult tom cats were checked with (1) reproductive examination, (2) gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and (3) semen collection until achievement of sterility, then with (1) and (2) only at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months, and every 6 months thereafter until treatment effect disappeared. Results Serum testosterone reached basal levels by 7 days post-treatment. Semen quality improved initially then started to worsen by 1 month post-treatment and after 70 days post-treatment all cats were sterile. Early in the third month post-treatment there was a significant decrease in testicular volume and penile spikes. Testicular histology was normal upon neutering performed after resumption of fertility. No injection site lesions or treatment-related side effects were observed. There was no difference between periumbilical and interscapular placement for all criteria, but there was a trend for the decrease in testicular volume to last longer and for the regression of penile spikes to start sooner after interscapular administration. One of 16 cats did not respond to treatment. Six cats were lost at variable times during the study while fully responding to treatment. In the cats that completed the study, normal fertility was regained after 805 days, on average, but with a variable duration of effect from 750–850 days. Conclusions and relevance Treatment with a 9.4 mg deslorelin implant in male cats was effective for a period of 750–850 days, which is 1.5–2 times longer than the effect of the 4.7 mg deslorelin implant. Fertility (based on serum testosterone production and the presence of penile spikes) was regained at the end of the study. Placing implants in the intrascapular vs periumbilical location did not affect duration of suppression of testosterone production. The interscapular location may be characterised by a better efficacy, although further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

Dopamine agonists for parkinson’s disease

1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-8
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
Dopa Decarboxylase ◽  
Decarboxylase Inhibitor ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Motor Disability ◽  
The Uk

Bromocriptine, lysuride (formerly lisuride, Revanil – Roche) and pergolide (not yet marketed in the UK) are dopamine agonists developed for use in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Combination of a dopamine agonist with levodopa plus a dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (‘co-dieldopa’)* may have advantages at all stages of the disease. The aim of combined co-dieldopa + agonist treatment is to limit some of the problems with prolonged co-dieldopa use alone; especially fluctuations in motor disability.1 It is still not clear how the three agonists compare with each other for therapeutic efficacy, duration of action, and side effects, nor how they are best combined with co-dieldopa.

Once-Daily Treatment for Mixed Anxiety/Depressive States: A Comparison of Slow Release Amitriptyline and Fluphenazine with Nortriptyline

1977 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
R V Magnus ◽  
A A Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sustained Release ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Daily Treatment ◽  
Dry Mouth ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Therapeutic Advantage ◽  
Depressive States

Patients suffering from mixed anxiety/depressive states referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic completed a four week course of either a once-daily tablet of 30 mg nortriptyline with 1· 5 mg fluphenazine, or a sustained release capsule of 50 mg amitriptyline once daily, on a double-blind basis. Depression improved satisfactorily on either treatment, but there was a greater reduction of anxiety on fluphenazine/nortriptyline. Drowsiness, however, occurred more frequently among the patients on amitriptyline, suggesting the sedative properties of this drug did not substitute adequately for a specific anxiolytic effect. Dry mouth was also noticeably more frequent with amitriptyline. As might be expected on pharmacokinetic and physiological grounds, the results suggest that the sustained release characteristics of the amitriptyline preparation lead to a maximization of side-effects during the day without conferring any therapeutic advantage.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAS-BUAS (PREMNA SERRATIFOLIA LINN) SEBAGAI ANTI KOLESTEROL SECARA IN VITRO

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dini Hadiarti
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTPremna Serratifolia Linn is believed to reduce cholesterol and as an alternative herbal medicine solution among the cost of medicine and the side effects caused by synthetic drugs. This study was conducted in several phases by using Premna Serratifolia Linn which was drained, mashed, and macerated using ethanol, choloform, and n-heksane. Extract obtained from evaporation, then whighed, and stored in a desiccators. Anti-cholesterol activity was tested test by using in vitro : began with determination of the maximum wavelength of the cholesterol standard solution with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and continued by manufacturing the standard curve with the cholesterol concentration of 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25; and 1.5 mL and 1000 ppm cholesterol solution. Furthermore, maximum absorbance wavelength was measured in order to obtain the maximum wavelength of the cholesterol. The study reveled that the solvent extraction of ethanol produced the largest  rendement. The extract Premna Serratifolia Linn is functioned as an anti-cholesterol. In addition,  the absorbed reduction of 100 ppm cholesterol standard solution found in the addition of 0.5 mL choloform extract.Keywords: Anti-cholesterol, Premna Serratifolia Linn, In Vitro

scholarly journals Perbandingan Efektivitas Anestesi Spinal dengan Bupivacain 12,5 Mg dan Bupivacain 5 Mg yang ditambah Fentanyl 50 Mcg pada Seksio Sesarea

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-7
Author(s):  
Fritzky Indradata ◽  
Heri Dwi Purnomo ◽  
Muh. Husni Thamrin ◽  
Sugeng Budi Santoso ◽  
Ardana Tri Arianto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Spinal Anesthesia ◽  
Randomized Control Trial ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Control

Latar Belakang: Anestesi spinal mempunyai efek samping berupa hipotensi dan mual muntah. Tujuan: penelitian ini adalah membandingkan efek anestesi spinal bupivacain dosis normal 12,5 mg dan bupivacain dosis rendah 5 mg dengan fentanyl 50 mg pada seksio sesarea terhadap perubahan hemodinamik, ketinggian blok, onset, durasi dan efek samping. Subjek dan Metode: Penelitian double blind randomized control trial pada 36 pasien yang memenuhi kriteria. Pasien dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yang masing-masing terdiri 18 pasien, kelompok 1 dilakukan anestesi spinal dengan bupivacain hiperbarik 5 mg ditambah adjuvan fentanyl 50 mcg, sedangkan kelompok 2 diberikan bupivacain hiperbarik 12,5 mg. Penilaian meliputi saat mula kerja blokade sensorik, mula kerja blokade motorik, durasi, tekanan darah, laju nadi, dan saturasi oksigen, lama kerja dan efek samping. Data hasil penelitian diuji secara statistik dengan uji chi-square. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada onset dan durasi blokade sensorik dan motorik, bupivacain 12,5 mg lebih baik dibandingkan bupivacain 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg (p<0.05). Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada perubahan tanda vital dan efek samping (p>0.05). Simpulan: Bupivacain 12,5 mg menghasilkan onset lebih cepat dan durasi lebih lama dibandingkan bupivacain 5 mg + fentanil 50 mcg pada anestesi spinal untuk seksio sesarea   Comparison of The Effectiveness Spinal Anesthesia with Bupivacaine 12,5 Mg and Bupivacaine 5 Mg added Fentanyl 50 Mcg in Caesarean Section Abstract Background: Spinal anesthesia has side effects such as hypotension and nausea and vomiting. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of spinal anesthesia with normal doses of 12,5 mg of bupivacaine and 5 mg of low-dose bupivacaine with fentanyl 50 mg in the cesarean section on hemodynamic changes, block height, onset, duration, and side effects. Subjects and Methods: Double-blind randomized control trial in 36 patients who met the criteria. Patients were divided into two groups, each consisting of 18 patients, group 1 underwent spinal anesthesia with 5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 50 mcg of fentanyl adjuvant, while group 2 was given 12,5 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine. Assessments include the initiation of sensory block action, onset of motor block action, duration, blood pressure, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation, duration of action, and side effects. The research data were statistically tested with the chi-square test. Results: There were significant differences in the onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, bupivacaine 12,5 mg was better than bupivacaine 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in changes in vital signs and side effects (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Bupivacaine 12,5 mg resulted in a faster onset and longer duration than bupivacaine 5 mg + fentanyl 50 mcg in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.

scholarly journals Topical Isotretinoin in Acne Vulgaris

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
M Moksedur Rahman ◽  
M Abdullah ◽  
M Moazzem Hossain ◽  
MA Siddique ◽  
M Nessa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Outpatient Department ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Cutaneous Reactions

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy, safety and adverse effects of topical isotretinoin 0.05% gel in the treatment of acne vulgaris. This prospective study was undertaken in Skin & VD outpatient department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi. One hundred patients with mild tomoderate acne vulgaris were enrolled and were instructed to apply isotretinoin 0.05% gel once daily at night for 12 weeks. Patients were followed up at 2,4,8 and 12 weeks for efficacy and tolerability. Efficacy was measured by counting facial inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions and by grading acne severity. Cutaneous tolerance was assessed by determining erythema, scaling and burning with pruritus.Response was excellent in 80%of cases.None of the cutaneous reactions was severe, all were mild and well tolerated.Nobody had to discontinue the therapy for side effects. This study confirms that isotretinoin 0.05% gel is safe and effective topical therapy for mild to moderate acnevulgaris.TAJ 2016; 29(2): 1-5

Cost-Effectiveness of Erythromycin Versus Mupirocin for the Treatment of Impetigo in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Duryea Rice ◽  
Anne K. Duggan ◽  
Catherine DeAngelis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Regimen ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Working Parents ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Medication Changes

A new topical antibiotic, mupirocin, has been found to be as effective as erythromycin for the treatment of impetigo, but concerns about its expense have been raised. This controlled clinical trial sought to compare the cost-effectiveness of erythromycin (E) and mupirocin (M). Ninety-three children, aged 3 months to 16 years, were randomly assigned to receive 10 days of oral erythromycin (n = 46) or topical mupirocin (n = 47). Costs and effects were measured through structured interviews. Cost per case differed significantly by group (E = $56.85; M = $62.30; P &lt; .05) due chiefly to extra visits and medication changes needed by those treated with mupirocin. Erythromycin and mupirocin were equally effective. The likelihood of side effects (E = 43%, M = 22%) approached significance (P &lt; .07); those treated with erythromycin were willing to pay more for a different medicine to avoid the side effects experienced (P &lt; .05). Working parents and school-age children were more likely to alter their daily activities when the patient was taking erythromycin (P &lt; .04). Compliance and parental satisfaction did not differ by treatment group; however, parents of children treated with erythromycin were more likely to prefer the alternate drug regimen. It is concluded that the type of medication prescribed can be based on parental preference because the increased cost of mupirocin is offset by increased side effects and number of schooldays and workdays lost with erythromycin.

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