The Practice of Pharmacy in England

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 808-811
Author(s):  
Simon Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Master Of Science ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Hospital Pharmacies ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Unit Dose Dispensing

The practice of pharmacy in England is described. Community pharmacies have a contract with the Department of Health and Social Security to fill National Health Service prescriptions. A large proportion of the general public obtain their prescriptions free. Funding for the health service comes from taxes and automatic contributions from employers and employees. Aspects of hospital pharmacy practice and salaries are discussed, e.g., a junior pharmacist may expect to earn between $9000 and $12 000. There is very little unit-dose dispensing, and many hospitals are unable to provide 24-hour services. Hospital pharmacies function with fewer pharmacists than their U.S. counterparts, utilizing larger numbers of technicians. Clinical pharmacy practice centers around drug monitoring (ward pharmacy). Pharmocokinetic services are provided in a few places. Master of science degrees in clinical pharmacy are available. However, the future of clinical pharmacy practice in England depends on staffing levels and competition between and acceptance from other health disciplines.

scholarly journals Global Scope of Hospital Pharmacy Practice: A Scoping Review

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Aya Ahmed Abousheishaa ◽  
Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman ◽  
Hasniza Zaman Huri ◽  
Syahrir Zaini ◽  
Nurul Adha Othman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Related Factors

The pharmacy profession has undergone tremendous changes over the past few decades. Pharmacists’ roles have expanded their boundaries to encompass more patient-centered services. However, the degree to which these roles are practised may vary. This scoping review is aimed at describing the extent and range of the professional pharmacy services offered in hospital pharmacies across different countries and the barriers underlying inappropriate or incomplete implementation of these services. Studies published in the English language between 2015 and 2019 were retrieved from the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, EBSCO Discovery Service, and Web of Science. A thematic analysis across the included studies produced two main themes. “Scope of practice” comprised three subthemes: pharmaceutical care practice, clinical pharmacy practice, and public health services and “Multiple levels of influence” comprised five subthemes: individual, interpersonal, institutional, community, and public policy-related factors. The hospital pharmacy services across countries ranged from traditional drug-centered pharmacy practice to a more progressive, clinically oriented practice. In some countries, there is an apparent inadequacy in the clinical pharmacy services provided compared to other clinical settings. Understanding the current pharmacy practice culture across different health care systems is an essential step towards improving the profession.

scholarly journals Contextualising the Perceptions of Pharmacists Practicing Clinical Pharmacy in South Africa—Do We Practice what We Preach?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmien Bronkhorst ◽  
Natalie Schellack ◽  
Andries G. S. Gous
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
Current Profile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Private And Public

The National Department of Health published their Quality Standards for Healthcare Establishments in South Africa and introduced the National Health Insurance, with the pilot phase that commenced in 2012. The system requires an adequate supply of pharmaceutical personnel and the direct involvement of clinical pharmacists throughout the medication-use process to ensure continuity of care, minimised risk with increasing improvement of patient outcomes. The study aimed to provide insight into the pressing issues of clinical pharmacy practice in South Africa, and sets out to contextualise the current profile of the pharmacist performing clinical functions. The study used a quantitative, explorative, cross-sectional design. The population included pharmacists from private and public tertiary hospitals. A questionnaire was administered, using Typeform™. Ethics approval was obtained from Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, National Department of Health and Private Healthcare groups. Categorical data were summarised using frequency counts and percentages; continuous data were summarised by mean values and standard deviations. The sample size included 70 pharmacists practicing clinical pharmacy (private sector n = 59; public sector n = 11). Most participants hold a BPharm degree (busy with MPharm qualification) (64%; n = 70). No statistical significance was found between participants in private and public practice. Most pharmacist agreed (32% (private); n = 59) and strongly agreed (45% (public); n = 11) to have sufficient training to perform pharmaceutical care. The majority respondents felt that interventions made by the pharmacist improved the rational use of medicine (47% (private); 55% (public). Pharmacist interventions influence prescribing patterns (42% (private); 64% (public); and reduce polypharmacy (41% (private); 55% (public). The clinical functions mostly performed were evaluation of prescriptions (private 90%; public 82%), while the top logistical function is daily ordering of medication (40.7%; private), and checking of ward stock (36%; public). Although not all pharmacists appointed in South Africa has completed the MPharm degree in clinical pharmacy, the pharmacists at ward level perform numerous clinical functions, even if only for a small part of their workday. This paper sets the way to standardise practices of clinical pharmacy in South Africa, with a reflection on the differences in practice in different institutions.

Hospital Pharmacy in Portugal and its Future Trends

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 843-846
Author(s):  
Aluísio Marques Leal ◽  
Carlos Silveira
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
National Hospital ◽  
Information Unit ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Staff Recruitment

The authors begin by presenting a brief historical summary of hospital pharmacists' activities in Portugal, especially since the 1950s. They state their views on the present situation of hospital pharmacy in various aspects, namely: general legislation; activities and premises of pharmacy services; pharmaceutical career and staff recruitment; the National Hospital Formulary of Medicines and Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committees; acquisition, production and distribution of medicines; and clinical pharmacy activities. Future trends of hospital pharmacy in Portugal are summarized, stressing the following points: evolution of production and information, unit dose distribution, and steady increase of other clinical pharmacy activities.

Impact of the Family and Medical Leave Act on Hospital Pharmacy Practice Management

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1245-1254
Author(s):  
M. R. Monk-Tutor ◽  
A. A. Webster ◽  
S. G. Denaburg ◽  
T. W. Woolley ◽  
K. W. Whelan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Pharmacy Services ◽  
Medical Leave ◽  
Staffing Levels ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

The implementation of the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), how employees use such leave, and its effect on pharmacy service provision were examined in a national survey of 494 hospital pharmacy directors (16.2% useable response rate). Although there is some discrepancy regarding how to calculate the 12 weeks of leave time, at least 18.7% of respondents were found to allow less time than allowed by law. In general, respondents indicated that men used FMLA benefits only about 20% less than women. About 20% of respondents indicated that they were unable to expand departmental services with current staffing levels due to the impact of the FMLA and another 50% reported that they were only able to continue usual pharmacy services by hiring additional staff or requesting that employees work overtime. Strategies that respondents used to deal with perceived problems caused by staff usage of FMLA benefits are presented. Employers appear to interpret and enforce the FMLA inconsistently. Pharmacists and pharmacy managers need to obtain a better understanding of their rights and responsibilities under this Act.

scholarly journals Conformity of commercial oral single solid unit dose packages in hospital pharmacy practice

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-210
Author(s):  
M. Thibault ◽  
S. Prot-Labarthe ◽  
J.-F. Bussieres ◽  
D. Lebel
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Unit Dose

SELECTING AND ALLOCATING REPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR UNIT-DOSE MEDICATIONS IN HOSPITAL PHARMACIES

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 1340011
Author(s):  
JENNIFER A. PAZOUR ◽  
SARAH E. ROOT ◽  
RUSSELL D. MELLER ◽  
LISA M. THOMAS ◽  
SCOTT J. MASON
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Medication Administration ◽  
Technology Selection ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Hospital Pharmacies ◽  
Unit Dose ◽  
Dose Form

To increase patient safety and support bedside-point-of-care medication administration, millions of unit-dose medications are dispensed in hospitals and health systems daily. Because not all medications are available in unit-dose form directly from the manufacturer, hospitals must repackage medications in unit-dose form themselves. We develop a mathematical model that simultaneously determines which level of technology is warranted and how each medication that is not delivered to the pharmacy in unit-dose form should be repackaged subject to multiple constraints. This model has been integrated into a free Excel-based tool available to pharmacy directors. We test our model with data based on small, medium, and large hospitals and conduct sensitivity analyses to gain further insight. We illustrate how the results from our model can aid in incorporating qualitative aspects into technology selection. Our results show that a semi-automated repackaging system is the most economical technology alternative for most hospital pharmacy in-house repackaging operations. This result, however, is sensitive to the number of unit-dose medications to repackage and the available labor.

scholarly journals Evidence for the outcomes and impact of clinical pharmacy: context of UK hospital pharmacy practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (e1) ◽  
pp. e21-e28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raliat Onatade ◽  
Sandra Appiah ◽  
Martin Stephens ◽  
Hemda Garelick
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice

scholarly journals Defining clinical pharmacy and support activities indicators for hospital practice using a combined nominal and focus group technique

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Lopes ◽  
Andrea Rodrigues Lopes ◽  
Helena Farinha ◽  
Ana Paula Martins
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Pharmacy ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Professional Accountability ◽  
Comprehensive Literature Review ◽  
Hospital Pharmacies ◽  
Crucial Part

AbstractBackground Although clinical pharmacy is a crucial part of hospital pharmacist’s day-to-day activity, its performance is not usually subject to a holistic assessment. Objective To define a set of relevant and measurable clinical pharmacy and support activities key performance indicators (cpKPI and saKPI, respectively). Setting Portuguese Hospital Pharmacies. Method After a comprehensive literature review focusing on the metrics already in use in other countries, several meetings with directors of hospital pharmacies were conducted to obtain their perspectives on hospital pharmacy practices and existing metrics. Finally, five rounds with a panel of 8 experts were performed to define the final set of KPIs, where experts were asked to score each indicator’ relevance and measurability, and encouraged to suggest new metrics. Main outcome measure The first Portuguese list of KPIs to assess pharmacists’ clinical and support activities performance and quality in hospital pharmacies. Results A total of 136 KPIs were assessed during this study, of which 57 were included in the original list and 79 were later added by the expert panel. By the end of the study, a total of 85 indicators were included in the final list, of which 40 are considered to be saKPI, 39 cpKPI and 6 neither. Conclusion A set of measurable KPIs was established to allow for benchmarking within and between Portuguese hospital Pharmacies and to elevate professional accountability and transparency. Future perspectives include the use of both cpKPIs and saKPIs on a national scale to identify the most efficient performances and areas of possible improvement.

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