Disposition of Foscarnet during Peritoneal Dialysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1106-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia CM Alexander ◽  
Adam Akers ◽  
Gary R. Matzke ◽  
Francesca T. Aweeka ◽  
Donald S. Fraley
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Normal Renal Function ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Case Summary ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

OBJECTIVE: To report the disposition of foscarnet in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis. CASE SUMMARY: A 34-year-old man with AIDS received foscarnet for the treatment of esophageal cytomegalovirus. We characterized the clearance of foscarnet in this patient during continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DISCUSSION: The foscarnet half-lives during CCPD and CAPD were 41.4 and 45.8 hours, respectively. These values are significantly greater than the half-life of 4.5 hours observed in patients with normal renal function and about half that reported in anuric patients undergoing hemodialysis during the interdialytic period. The CCPD and CAPD clearances of foscarnet were 5.8 and 4.5 mL/min, respectively; the CAPD clearances of creatinine and urea nitrogen were 4.1 and 6.0 mL/min, respectively. The patient's estimated total body clearance values of foscarnet during CCPD and CAPD were 9.8 and 8.8 mL/min, respectively. Thus, CCPD and CAPD augmented the patient's residual clearance of foscarnet by 145% and 105%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Since incremental increases in residual clearance of 30% or more generally will result in clinically significant changes in a drug's serum concentration, foscarnet dosage needs to be individualized for patients receiving peritoneal dialysis.

Combined Boric Acid and Cinchocaine Chloride Poisoning in a 12-month-old Infant: Evaluation of Haemodialysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Egfjord ◽  
J.A. Jansen ◽  
H. Flachs ◽  
J.S. Schou
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Renal Toxicity ◽  
Chloride Poisoning ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Plasma Half Life ◽  
Body Clearance

A mixture containing 3 g of boric acid and 300 mg of cinchocaine chloride prescribed due to painful dental protrusion was accidentally ingested by a 12-month-old girl. She developed violent vomiting and coughing. Irritability, tremor, seizures and a delirious reaction. She was treated with diazepam, intubated, sedated and ventilated. Her diuresis was stimulated with furosemide and fluid. Within the first 24 h she was treated with haemodialysis twice on femoral catheters. Her renal function was unaffected. In two days she fully recovered. The maximum measured levels of boric acid and cinchocaine chloride approximately 6 h after ingestion were 26 μg/ml and 71 ng/ml respectively. The plasma half-life of boric acid was 7.0 h and decreased to 3.6 and 4.4 h during the two haemodialyses. The total body clearance of boric acid increased correspondingly from 21 ml/min to 41 and 34 ml/min. The in vitro clearance of boric acid of the dialyser was later determined to be 18 ml/min. It is concluded that haemodialysis is valuable in the treatment of boric acid intoxication because it increases the elimination of the drug even in patients without any sign of renal toxicity.

Single -Dose Pefloxacin Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism in Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Nikolaidis ◽  
Scott E. Walker ◽  
Nicholas Dombros ◽  
Achilleas Tourkantonis ◽  
Tom W. Paton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

Seven adult patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) received one dose of pefloxacin, a novel quinolone antibiotic, orally and intravenously on two separate occasions to characterize the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the drug. Concentrations of both pefloxacin and its active metabolite N-desmethylpefloxacin (norfloxacin) were measured in serum and dialysate by HPLC. Half-life, total body clearance and peritoneal clearance were determined. The overall elimination half-life was 19.9h. Relative to the IV dose the bioavailability following oral administration of pefloxacin was 76%. The mean serum and dialysate concentrations were similar up to 24 h after the oral or IV dose. After a 6 h dwell time the dialysate concentration of pefloxacin was 2.24 mg/L which is above the MICgo for most bacteria responsible for peritonitis in CAPD patients. The peritoneal clearance of pefloxacin averaged 2.5 mL/min. Serum concentrations of the metabolite norfloxacin were less than 0.5 mg/L during the 24 h study period. We conclude that pefloxacin might be equally effective in the treatment of peritonitis of CAPD after oral or IV administration. Since the peritoneal clearance contributes insignificantly to the elimination of pefloxacin during CAPD, the proposed maintenance regimen of an oral or IV 400 mg dose/day seems to be a reasonable therapy for infections in CAPD patients.

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Pharmacokinetics during Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Walker ◽  
T.W. Paton ◽  
D.N. Churchill ◽  
B. Ojo ◽  
M.A. Manuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

Ten adult patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPO) received one dose of trimethoprim320 mg (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole 1600 mg (SMX) orally (p.o.), intravenously (i.v.), and intraperitoneally (i.p.) on three separate occasions to characterize the pharmacokinetics of both drugs. Concentrations of both TMP and SMX were measured in serum and dialysate by HPLC to 48 h. Half-life, total body clearance (TBC), and peritoneal clearance (PCI) were determined. The mean half-life of TMP was 28 h, while for SMX it was 12.5 h. Relative to the i.v. dose, the bioavailability following oral administration for TMP was 98% and 87% for SMX. Intraperitoneal bioavailability was 73% for TMP and 65% for SMX after a 4-h dwell. After 24 h, regardless of the route of administration, less than 3% of TMP and less than 6% of SMX appeared in dialysate. We conclude that peritoneal losses contribute insignificantly to TMPISMX elimination during CAPO.

Influence of Gender on Theophylline Dosage Requirements in Children with Chronic Asthma

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Hendeles ◽  
Leigh Vaughan ◽  
Miles Weinberger ◽  
Gary Smith
Keyword(s):  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Total Daily Dose ◽  
Chronic Asthma ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Steady State Serum ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Average Serum ◽  
Release Product ◽  
Body Clearance

The total daily dose of theophylline required to achieve a four-hour steady-state serum concentration within the 10–20 μg/ml therapeutic range was examined for 49 age-matched pairs of female and male children, age 5–15 years, with chronic asthma. All patients received the same 100 percent bioavailable slow-release product (Theodur®) at eight-hour intervals for more than 72 hours. Total body clearance of theophylline was estimated from the four-hour measurement which closely approximated the average serum concentration. A clinical pharmacist interviewed all patients or parents before a blood sample was obtained to document compliance and other factors that might alter the interpretation and reliability of the measurement.

Pharmacokinetics in the human of a new synthetic vasopressin and oxytocin uterine antagonist

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Lundin ◽  
Mats Åkerlund ◽  
Per-Olof Fagerström ◽  
Arnar Hauksson ◽  
Per Melin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Primary Dysmenorrhoea ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Observation Period ◽  
Body Clearance

Abstract. The pharmacokinetics in the human of 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-vasotocin (dE-TVT), was studied after iv and intranasal administration in 11 subjects at 12 experiments each route. The plasma concentration of the analogue was analysed by means of an arginine vasopressin antibody, which cross-reacted with dE-TVT to 4.7%. When given intravenously as bolus injection (10 nmol/kg/body weight), the total body clearance amounted to 0.623 ± 0.099 (sem) 1/h kg and the half-life to 16.2 ± 2.4 min. After intranasal administration (100 nmol/kg/body weight), the bioavailability was 10.5 ± 2.9%. Peak concentrations in plasma appeared 2–8 min after iv and 10–45 min after intranasal administration. At the end of an observation period of 2 h measurable amounts in plasma were still found in one of the iv and seven of the intranasal experiments. It is concluded that the moderately long half-life is suitable for the treatment of hospitalized patients in premature labour where promising results with intravenous infusion (50 μg/min) of dE-TVT have been obtained. It is still uncertain whether or not the absorption of dE-TVT is sufficient for intranasal administration to out-patients with uterine hyperactivity in late pregnancy and to patients with primary dysmenorrhoea, where significant relief of symptoms were seen after iv administration (10 μg/kg body weight).

Dose-Ranging Pharmacokinetic Study of Ciprofloxacin after 200-, 300-, and 400-mg Intravenous Doses

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Nix ◽  
J. Michael Spivey ◽  
Allyn Norman ◽  
Jerome J. Schentag
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Venous Irritation ◽  
Body Clearance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of ciprofloxacin after the administration of single intravenous doses of 200, 300, and 400 mg. DESIGN: Double-blind, three-period, randomized, crossover trial. SETTING: Private, university-affiliated, hospital-based, clinical research center. PATIENTS: Normal healthy male volunteers, 18–40 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects received 200-, 300-, and 400-mg single intravenous doses of ciprofloxacin via 30-minute infusions in random sequence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum ciprofloxacin concentrations were determined by HPLC after each dose and the results were used to derive pharmacokinetic parameters. Tolerance was assessed by reported and observed adverse events, urine microscopic examinations for crystals, and examination of intravenous infusion sites. RESULTS: The mean area under the time curve (AUC) values displayed linearity with respect to the administered dose. No statistical differences were observed in total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life with respect to dose administered. The mean total body clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, or elimination half-life ranged from 36 to 41 L/h, 146 to 169 L, and 3.5 to 3.7 h for the 200-, 300-, and 400-mg doses, respectively. Adverse effects, including venous irritation (four subjects) and crystalluria (two subjects), were mild and did not require withdrawal of any subject from the study. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenous ciprofloxacin in doses ranging from 200 to 400 mg demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. These single doses were well tolerated, although cases of transient venous irritation and crystalluria were observed.

scholarly journals Disposition Kinetic of Moxifloxacin following Intravenous, Intramuscular, and Subcutaneous Administration in Goats

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Harshad B. Patel ◽  
Shailesh K. Mody ◽  
Hitesh B. Patel ◽  
Vipul A. Patel ◽  
Urvesh D. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Drug Concentration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Elimination Half Life ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

The present study was carried out to investigate disposition kinetics of moxifloxacin following single-dose intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) administration at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight (b.wt.) in goats. Plasma samples collected after treatments were analyzed for drug concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After i.v. administration, distribution of the drug was rapid and wide as reflected by high steady-state volume of distribution. Drug elimination was relatively faster with a total body clearance of 0.59±0.03 L/h/kg. Following i.m. injection, the drug has shown the rapid and near-to-complete absorption with bioavailability of 98.20±3.96 per cent. The maximum plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of 1.21±0.04 μg/mL was attained at 1 h (Tmax). The drug was widely distributed as reflected by high apparent volume of distribution. The elimination half-life (t1/2β) of the drug was 6.26±0.08  h. Following s.c. administration, the drug was rapidly absorbed (Cmax: 1.16±0.02 μg/mL; tmax: 1 h) and slowly eliminated from the body. The elimination half-life and total body clearance (ClB) were 5.61±0.10 h and 0.60±0.03 L/h/kg, respectively. The bioavailability of moxifloxacin following s.c. administration was 90.44±3.96 per cent.

Pharmacokinetics of epsilon-aminocaproic acid during peritoneal dialysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 736-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan S. Fish ◽  
Salvador Pancorbo ◽  
Robert Berkseth
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Aminocaproic Acid ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Drug Clearance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Epsilon Aminocaproic Acid ◽  
Fine Print ◽  
Body Clearance

✓ Two patients requiring peritoneal dialysis were treated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA), an antifibrinolytic agent. Samples of serum and dialysate were assayed for EACA concentrations. Total body clearance, dialysis clearance, EACA half-life, and volume of distribution of EACA were calculated. Total body clearance of EACA was 26 ml/min, which is 25% of the drug clearance in patients with normal renal function. Our results suggest that patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis should receive 25% of the usual recommended dose of EACA. Dialysis clearance accounted for only 58% of total body clearance, suggesting an alternative route of elimination of EACA.

Disposition Kinetics of lincomycin following intravenous administration in hypothyroid goats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meemansha Sharma ◽  
Vinod Kumar Dumka ◽  
Saloni Singla ◽  
Rajdeep Kaur ◽  
Raushan Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Body Clearance

Hypothyroidism is a common disorder of small ruminants and is expected to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs. Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding thiourea at the dose rate 50 mg.kg-1 daily for 28 days to goats. Disposition of lincomycin, after intravenous administration at dose rate 10 mg/kg, was investigated in hypothyroid goats to determine the potential dosage regimen against susceptible microorganisms. Blood samples were collected from 1 min to 24 h of drug administration. The drug was detected in plasma up to 8 h and lincomycin was rapidly distributed from blood to the tissue, as evidenced by the high value of the distribution coefficient (mean ± SEM) 12.3±1.09 h-1. The large Vd (1.78±0.18 L/kg) indicated vast tissue distribution of lincomycin in goats. The elimination half life, AUC and total body clearance were 3.99± 0.25 h, 33.2±1.71 ìg.h/mL and 0.31±0.02 L/h/kg, respectively. Based on results, lincomycin in hypothyroid goats is suggested to be repeated at 12 h interval for organisms sensitive to lincomycin having MIC up to 0.1 µg.ml-1.

Vancomycin Disposition following Intraperitoneal Administration in Children Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas L. Blowey ◽  
Bradley A. Warady ◽  
Susan Abdel–Rahman ◽  
Reginald F. Frye ◽  
Harold J. Manley
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Total Body Clearance ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Vancomycin Concentration ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Serum Vancomycin ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Body Clearance

Background Little information is available on the disposition of vancomycin during chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) in children. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the disposition of vancomycin following intraperitoneal (IP) administration in children receiving short-dwell [ e.g., automated PD (APD)] and long-dwell [ e.g., continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD)] PD. Methods A 6-hour exchange containing vancomycin 500 mg/L, using an exchange volume of 1100 mL/m2 body surface area (BSA), was followed by 4-, 6-, and 8-hour antibiotic-free exchanges. The 8-hour exchange was followed by three to four 90-minute antibiotic-free exchanges. Serial blood and dialysis effluent samples were obtained and analyzed for vancomycin concentration by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were computed using noncompartmental methods. Results The bioavailability of vancomycin during a 6-hour IP exchange was 70% ± 5%, resulting in a delivered dose of 12.0 ± 1.8 mg/kg, and a 6-hour serum vancomycin concentration of 23.3 ± 7.2 μg/mL. Total body vancomycin clearance measured 10.72 ± 4.52 mL/minute/1.73 m2 BSA, while clearance attributable to PD measured 2.78 ± 1.08 mL/min/1.73 m2 BSA and accounted for 29% ± 11% of total vancomycin clearance. Dialysis clearance during long-dwell (CAPD) and short-dwell (APD) regimens was similar, measuring 2.46 ± 1.04 and 3.09 ± 1.28 mL/min/1.73 m2 BSA, accounting for 25% ± 13% and 32% ± 12% of total body clearance respectively. Conclusions Intraperitoneal absorption and dialysis clearance of vancomycin in children receiving PD are similar to those reported in adult dialysis patients. In contrast, total body clearance of vancomycin appears to be increased and the elimination half-life decreased in children, due to increased elimination by non-renal nondialysis routes. For intermittent IP vancomycin therapy in children with peritonitis, an IP load containing vancomycin 1000 mg/L (or 30 mg/kg), followed a single full-fill (1100 mL/m2 BSA) daily exchange, containing vancomycin 250 mg/L (or 7.5 mg/kg), from day 2 until the end of treatment will maintain a vancomycin dialysate concentration of >4 μg/mL.

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