Legacies of Stalin or Putin? Public Opinion and Historical Memory in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110416
Author(s):  
Vitali Shkliarov ◽  
Vera Mironova ◽  
Sam Whitt

Our research considers the relationship between historical memory and political evaluations of the past and present. We first examine how historical reflection on the Soviet Union under Stalin is influenced by memories of familial suffering during World War II and victimization under the widespread Soviet gulag prison system. Based on a 2019 representative survey of Ukraine, we show that respondents who recall family members being injured or killed fighting during World War II and those who recount families being imprisoned in Soviet gulags have increased positive and negative appraisals of the Soviet Union under Stalin respectively. However, we also find that favorable opinions of Stalin are strongly predicted by approval of Vladimir Putin, who has actively promoted rehabilitation of Stalin’s legacy to bolster personalist rule at home and justify revisionist agendas abroad, including in Ukraine. Our results underscore interactions between the present and past in shaping historical memory such that what appears as enduring legacies of the past could also be a function of present political circumstances.

Author(s):  
Justine Buck Quijada

Chapter 2 presents the Soviet chronotope embodied in Victory Day celebrations. Victory Day, which is the celebration of the Soviet victory over Germany in World War II, presumes the familiar Soviet genre of history, in which the Soviet Union brought civilization to Buryatia, and Buryats achieved full citizenship in the Soviet utopian dream through their collective sacrifice during the war. The ritual does not narrate Soviet history. Instead, through Soviet and wartime imagery, and the parade form, the public holiday evokes this genre in symbolic form, enabling local residents to read their own narratives of the past into the imagery. This space for interpretation enables both validation as well as critique of the Soviet experience in Buryatia. Although not everyone in Buryatia agrees on how to evaluate this history, this genre is the taken-for-granted backdrop against which other religious actors define their narratives.


2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Nina N. Loginova ◽  
Milan M. Radovanović ◽  
Anatoliy A. Yamashkin ◽  
Goran Vasin ◽  
Marko D. Petrović ◽  
...  

Population changes of the Russians and other Slavs are an important original indicator of demographic, economic, political, and cultural analysis of over 300 million Slavic inhabitants in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. The indicators are conditioned by the large number of people executed in World War I and World War II, significant economic migrations, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. Utilizing data from official reports, the authors proceed to analyze the demographic tendencies in order to find out the relationship between modern demographic trends and political and economic events over the past years. The results showed that economic and demographic stagnation, which favor religious and national (ethnic) ambivalence, influence the strengthening of groups ethnically isolated or religiously differentiated in the observed macroregions of Eurasia. The contemporary challenges of modern society in terms of global politics (e.g. terrorism and migrations) will be more pronounced and turbulent in these areas. For these reasons, the original data represent an important segment of the study of Slavic history, demography, and politics throughout the turbulent 20th century and the beginning of the new millennium.   


Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia Vasiliūnienė

The newly identified goldsmiths’ works of East Prussia are presented in the article: a chalice from Kaunas St. Cross Church forged by Otto Schwerdfeger, a master in Königsberg, in 1704 (?), a ciborium from Vilnius St. Apostles Peter and Paul Church made by goldsmith Johann Kownatzky in Tilsit in the 1760–80s, and a monstrance from Valakbūdis Church made by Michael Greiffenhagen II, a master from Tilsit, in 1795 (?). After the World War II, East Prussia was annexed by the Soviet Union. Destruction of the region and its historical memory and enormous losses of the cultural heritage partly resulted in knowledge gaps in Lithuania about the goldsmithing in this region. For the knowledge of goldsmith history in East Prussia, works by Eugen von Czihak, a German scientist, based on the information collected before the First and Second World Wars are very important. The goldsmithing of Eastern Prussia is pretty seldom mentioned in the Lithuanian historiography. Only sparsely survived works by Königsberg, Tilsit and Klaipėda (Memel) masters from the 17th – 19th century have been published. On the contrary, the context of Lithuanian goldsmith history is described based on data provided by the German writings. According to our knowledge, the goldsmith heritage from Königsberg predominates in Lithuania. Not a few goldsmith works from Tilsit were also identified in Lithuania. The works of Eastern Prussian goldsmiths are of particular value. Because of the dramatic fate of Königsberg region, the survived number of goldsmith works throughout Europe is relatively low.


1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Harrison Wagner

In spite of its widespread use, no one has ever stated clearly what the distinction between bipolar and multipolar systems refers to. Moreover, some common definitions of “bipolarity” imply behavior that is inconsistent with the behavior of states during the cold war. This article argues that the distinctive feature of post–World War II international politics was not that two states were more powerful than the others, as the literature on bipolarity would suggest, but that one state, the Soviet Union, occupied in peacetime a position of near-dominance on the Eurasian continent, a position that states in the past had been able to achieve only after a series of military victories. This fact explains the behavior that others have sought to explain by bipolarity, as well as behavior that is inconsistent with what common definitions of bipolarity would lead us to expect. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the argument for structural theories of international politics and controversies about what lies ahead.


2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Richard Drake

The declassification of materials from the Russian archives has provided a good deal of new evidence about the relationship between the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and the Soviet Union both before and after World War II. Two newly published collections of documents leave no doubt that, contrary to arguments made by supporters of the PCI, the Italian party was in fact strictly subservient to the dictates of Josif Stalin. The documents reveal the unsavory role of the PCI leader, Palmiro Togliatti, in the destruction of large sections of the Italian Communist movement and in the tragic fate of Italian prisoners of war who were held in the Soviet Union during and after World War II. Togliatti's legacy, as these documents make clear, was one of terror and the Stalinization of the PCI.


2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-652
Author(s):  
Maziar Behrooz

In general, historians seldom venture into predicting the future. Their discipline and training guides them toward attempting to reconstruct the past by relying on research, scrutinized facts, deliberation, and analysis. Other disciplines seem sometimes to disagree. That historians do not venture into predictions does not arise from a conservative orientation in their discipline, which may lead to a lack of enthusiasm for adventure; it comes from a philosophical attitude toward study of human society that points up the fact that the task of reconstructing the past, when data are obtainable, is a monumental task. Doing the same for events that have yet to happen can easily turn into futile attempts precisely because of lack of adequate data for analysis. On rare occasions, of course, major events in history have been predicted. World War II is a good example. However, observers missed other, equally significant events. The fall of the Soviet Union and the Iranian Revolution of 1979 are two examples.


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 44-62
Author(s):  
Laura Seppälä

Uusisänmaallinen käänne on lähihistorian tutkimuksessa tunnistettu ilmiö, joka viittaa Neuvostoliiton kaatumista seuranneisiin toisen maailmansodan muistokulttuurien muutoksiin Suomessa. Uusisänmaallisissa tulkinnoissa korostuvat näkemykset Suomen erillissodista ja torjuntavoitosta sekä tarinat sankaruudesta, uhrauksesta, kansallisesta solidaarisuudesta ja kunniakkuudesta. Sodan populaarikulttuurisilla esityksillä on nähty olevan keskeinen rooli näiden näkökulmien tuottajina: esimerkiksi 1990-luvun lopun ja 2000-luvun niin kutsuttua ”sotaelokuvabuumia” on tulkittu uusisänmaallisuuden viitekehyksessä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen uusisänmaallisuutta historiantutkimuksen sijasta elokuvatutkimuksen näkökulmasta. Otan tarkastelun kohteeksi vuonna 2011 ensi-iltaan tulleen elokuvan Hiljaisuus, jossa sota koetaan rintaman sijasta kaatuneiden evakuointikeskuksessa. Kysyn, minkälaisia historiallisia representaatioita Hiljaisuudessa tuotetaan? Millä elokuvan keinoilla näitä representaatioita rakennetaan? Keskityn analyysissäni elokuvan henkilöhahmojen rakentumiseen, sillä uusisänmaallisina pidetyt arvot ja ideaalit sankaruudesta, uhrauksesta ja kunniakkuudesta henkilöityvät sotanarratiiveissa sodan kokeviin ihmisiin. Hyödynnän elokuvan lähiluvun työkaluna elokuvatutkija Murray Smithin kehittämää, kognitiivista elokuvatutkimusta edustavaa sympatian struktuurit (structures of sympathy) -analyysimallia, joka koskee elokuvan henkilöhahmojen ja katsojan välistä suhdetta ja tämän suhteen merkitystä katsojan potentiaalisille tunnereaktioille. Analyysini osoittaa, että Hiljaisuus paikoittain haastaa uusisänmaallisia käsityksiä sodasta, mutta myös tuottaa uusisänmaalliseksi tulkittavia representaatioita suomalaisuudesta erityisesti elokuvan päähenkilöiden kautta: elokuva kannustaa katsojaa kokemaan sympatiaa niitä hahmoja kohtaan, joiden toimintaa ja ominaisuuksia määrittävät uusisänmaallisuudelle keskeiset arvot ja toimintamallit, ja sitä vastoin antipatiaa niitä hahmoja kohtaan, jotka eivät tähän uusisänmaalliseen malliin sovi.   “You weren’t even brave enough to fight!”: Neo-patriotic representations of World War II in Silence   The neo-patriotic turn refers to the changes occurring in Finnish memory culture of war after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Neo-patriotic interpretations of World War II construct and uphold notions of separate wars and defense victories as well as place strong emphasis on stories depicting war as a source of heroism, sacrifice, integrity, and national solidarity. Representations of war in fiction and popular culture have been considered to play a central role in producing such stories: the so-called Finnish “war film boom” in the late-1990s and 2000s has been seen as an example of neo-patriotic changes. In this article, I examine neo-patriotic representations in the context of film analysis rather than in the framework of historical research. I analyze the 2011 film Silence, in which war is experienced in an evacuation center for the fallen instead of in the battlefield. I ask, what kind of historical representations are produced in Silence? How are they produced? The analysis focuses on the construction of the main characters in the film, as the values and ideals considered neo-patriotic are embodied by the people experiencing war in fictional narratives. I utilize an analytical model developed by film researcher Murray Smith. Smith’s structures of sympathy is based on cognitive film theory and provides tools for examining the relationship between the characters and the viewer and how this relationship can affect the viewer’s potential emotional responses. While Silence at times challenges neo-patriotic notions of war, my analysis indicates that the film also constructs representations of Finnishness that can be considered neo-patriotic: the film encourages the viewer to feel sympathy towards the characters who embody neo-patriotic ideals and values, and antipathy towards the characters who deviate from these ideals.


2021 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
G.I. Osadchay ◽  
◽  
A.A. Chernikova

Presented are results of a sociological study (qualitative comparative analysis of in-depth interviews) in the historical memory of Kyrgyzstan young citizens as one of participating states of Eurasian integration, namely, their ideas about World War II and formation of historical memory, as well as understanding and interpretation of integration processes between countries of NIS. For the Soviet Union citizens, the victory in World War II was not just a socio-historical milestone. Social time is a key element in formation of historical memory. It is interesting how the social time of historical events can be interpreted quite subjectively in a given community. Since the Victory was the most important event in the history of the Soviet Union, it can be assumed that historical memory of the war serves as a social link of integration processes. Therefore, the study of descendants historical memory of the victors in the Great Patriotic War becomes an interesting and scientifically urgent task. The specificity of this study was the methodology based on the use of a qualitative comparative analysis of results of in-depth interviews of Kyrgyzstan young citizens. More than 400 persons were interviewed using a non-random sample, and no less than 50 informants from each group, selected by the snowball method. The empirical object of research is the youth of the Kyrgyzstan Republic, belonged to the generation of “millennials” and “postmillennials” (18–38 years old). The historical memory of the Great Victory is largely connected with today’s ideas about the Eurasian integration of the NIS. Although it would seem that the content of the social memory of young people does not have a direct impact on the process of Eurasian integration, but as a potential force, it can spontaneously manifest itself in public life, or under certain conditions and the presence of an organized force, it can be included in the socio-political discourse.


1962 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 886-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Shoup

In the apocalyptic visions of Marx, the world revolution which was to destroy capitalist society was also to sweep away the entire system of nation-states, and in its place to substitute a world proletarian society, a new supra-national community ruled over by the victorious working class.Of all the prophecies of early Marxism, none proved more ill-founded than this belief in an international socialist order. The revolution, when it came, was confined to Russia. Only after the victories of the Soviet armies in World War II did it become possible to extend Communist rule beyond the borders of the Soviet Union. After less than two decades, this new international Communist community of nations has become divided into blocs of quarrelling states, and the goal of international Communism seems still distant. The Communists, like other universalistic movements of the past, have apparently proved incapable of surmounting the limits of the nation-state system they set out to destroy. Why?


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