Phonetic Laws Related to Vowels in Dialects

Today, in carrying out the reforms for the development of our society, there are created full opportunities and conditions for the fulfillment of the tasks set before the Uzbek linguistics, purposeful research work is carried out on the issue of comprehensive study of our language. At the same time, the study of the features of Uzbek dialects, relying on the theoretical bases of areal linguistic research, is defined as one of the priority directions in the historical-comparative and ethnolinguistic aspects.This sphere consists of imperfect, simple descriptive and illustrative aspects, indefinite places need to learn and fill on the basis of new views, from a mental point of view. The article gives an idea of the peculiarities of the Namangan Kipchak and Karluk dialects, the historical genesis of the system of vowels, the issues areal of their prevalence and application. The phonetic-phonological linguistic character of the dialect is a comparative-historical reflection of the processes of events of features and laws. In its turn, there are described opinions about the events of umlaut in the Turkic dialects of synharmonism and Karluk dialects in Kipchak dialects related to the vowels in the Turkic languages. Key policy insights.The study through areal-typological and areal-linguistic methods, which gave Mahmud Kashgariy in Turkic languages, the initial point of any linguistic theory and conceptions, the study of dialects, their specific features, is still one of the important issues today. The emergence of areal linguistics has opened up a wide way to evaluate new issues and concepts in the field of dialectology, to solve them in new ways. Relying on the theoretical basis of dialect and slang areas in the holistic study of the language system, the fact that historical-comparative and ethnologic research is defined as one of the priority areas imposes new responsibilities on Uzbek linguistics and Uzbek linguists.

Eidetic Variation: a Self-Correcting and Integrative Account

Edmund Husserl’s eidetic phenomenology seeks a priori knowledge of essences and eidetic laws pertaining to conscious experience and its objects. Husserl believes that such eidetic knowledge has a higher epistemic status than the inherently fallible empirical knowledge, but a closer reading of his work shows that even eidetic claims are subject to error and open to modification. In this article, I develop a self-correcting account of Husserl’s method of eidetic variation, arguing that eidetic variation plays a critical role in both challenging and improving upon the eidetic results in phenomenology. More specifically, I argue that the self-correcting account of eidetic variation 1) is consistent with Husserl’s own formulations of his eidetic methodology and epistemic principles; 2) captures the dual epistemic function of eidetic variation as means for both testing and intuitively validating eidetic claims; and 3) offers methodological support for contemporary attempts to integrate eidetic variation with non-eidetic methods and resources. To substantiate these claims, I first contrast the self-correcting account with the falsificationist interpretations of eidetic variation. Then, I turn to three applications of eidetic variation in order to examine how eidetic phenomenology could draw from real-life deviations, artificial variations, and critical–historical reflection. The goal is to lay the methodological groundwork for a self-correcting and integrative account of eidetic variation and illustrate its usefulness in research practice.

Skazane na zapomnienie — prawo handlowe w PRL

The post-war history of Polish commercial law is not a frequent subject of interest in the literature. Historical reflection is usually limited to indicating that the civil code entering into force on 1 January 1965 and, on the same day, the repeal of the pre-war commercial code from 1934 formally ended the era of Polish private law’s duality — the coexistence of two equal branches of law: civil law, regulating common relations, and commercial law, regulating economic relations. However, it was the last symbolic chord in the history of commercial law during the communist period. In fact, it had been extinguished several years earlier and replaced by a socialist substitute in the form of economic law, intended to regulate the centrally planned, socialist trading, in which there was no space for individual economic activity. The article discusses the mechanism of dismantling commercial law in the political and economical order of the totalitarian state, which Poland became after the Second World War. This mechanism was implemented not on the normative level, by repealing the norms of commercial law, but on the factual one, by eliminating — through administrative, fiscal, and penal pressure methods — addressees of commercial law (already existing and potential entrepreneurs) and taking them away, e.g. by nationalizing the most essential components of their enterprises. In this way, the necessary (personal and property) background of commercial law was destroyed, making its norms irrelevant. Thus, commercial law was condemned to a dozen or so years of non-existence and oblivion before the legislator decided to make a formal decision, which was to repeal most provisions of the commercial code. Only those regulations remained in force that were needed by the communist authorities, e.g. to conduct foreign trade. The effects of several-decades-long systemic non-existence of commercial law are still noticeable today. Despite the systemic transformation in 1989 and the return of the Polish economy to free market rules, Polish commercial law — relegated to the role of a specialized discipline of civil law and formally distinguished only for research and teaching activities — has not yet regained its rank as an independent branch of private law.

The Past and its Possibilities in Nahḍa Scholarship

This introduction to the special issue “The Past and its Possibilities in Nahḍa Scholarship” reflects on the role of the past in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century nahḍa discourse. It argues that historical reflection played a pivotal role in a number of scholarly disciplines besides the discipline of history, notably philosophy and logic, grammar and lexicography, linguistics, philology, and adab. Nahḍawīs reflected on continuities with the past, the genealogies of their present, and the role of history in determining their future. The introduction of print gave new impulses to the engagement with the historical heritage. We argue for a history of the nahḍa as a de-centred history of possibilities that recovers a wider circle of scholars and intellectuals and their multiple and overlapping local and global audiences. Such a history can also shed light on the many ways in which historical reflection, record-keeping practices, and confessional, sectarian, or communalist agendas are entwined.

Environmental Factor in the Recent History of Interregional Relations between Russia and China

This article examines the problem of regional environmental policy and resource consumption as the key reason for the current state of the Russian regional economies, which are financially dependent on the Chinese domestic market. At the same time, the scale of the influence of Chinese business on the environment of Russian regions was studied from a scientific point of view as a direct consequence of this dependence. In this regard, a historical reflection of the bilateral regional relations of post-Soviet Russia and the PRC in the field of ecology was carried out, the main stages of Russian resource dependence on the PRC were highlighted, the assessments of Russian and foreign scientists regarding the problem were studied, the role of ecology as a factor determining the current development vectors of both interregional and interstate relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC was evaluated. In particular, the negative aspects of the widespread approach, so-called “complementarity of economies”, are considered as the main indicator of the erroneous regional eco-resource policy in Russian relations with the PRC, the consequences of which concern both the national ecology and the national economy.

Celebrating IJPDLM's 50th anniversary: a reflection on its contributions and future directions

PurposeThis article celebrates the 50th anniversary of IJPDLM, reflects on the contribution of IJPDLM to the field of logistics and supply chain management (LSCM) and discusses future directions for the journal.Design/methodology/approachDescriptive analysis of manuscripts received and accepted by IJPDLM during 2015–2019 is used to provide an overview of the journal. Content analysis of selected articles is used to highlight important contributions of the journal. Changes made since 2020 are highlighted to inform future directions of IJPDLM. Invited articles are discussed and used to clarify future directions.FindingsIJPDLM has made tremendous progress in informing and shaping the field of LSCM. Key issues addressed include sustainability and reverse logistics, omni-channel, e-commerce, retail logistics, risk, resilience, volatility, and complexity and digital technology innovation. The journal has expanded the use of methods beyond the typical qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the use of design science, experiment, conjoint analysis, qualitative comparative analysis, narrative analysis. The invited articles provide (1) a historical reflection of the purpose of the journal when it was launched, (2) new guidance on how to develop theories using literature review and grounded theories and (3) understanding of startups and supply chain ecosystems.Practical implicationsSome exemplar articles are highlighted to explain how IJPDLM informs LSCM managers, companies and policy makers.Originality/valueThis article explains the recent development and sets future directions for the LSCM field.

Locking-down instituted practices: Understanding sustainability in the context of ‘domestic’ consumption in the remaking

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments around the world placed communities under ‘lockdown’. Various practices of consumption were uprooted from their instituted settings and re-rooted in homes. This unprecedented reorganisation of normality resulted in increased instances of domestic consumption as practices occurring in offices, gyms and eateries were forced into homes, demanding the acquisition of materials and altering expectations of what homes are for. This article contributes to literature on COVID-19 and practice-based consumption research by complicating optimistic narratives about the potential for this disruption to downsize the consumer economy. Combining qualitative household interviews, with secondary data about wider trends, and historical reflection on changes in the meaning of the ‘home’ in the UK, we reveal how the re-rooting of instituted practices structures material acquisition and spikes desire for more domestic space. Recognising that professional practices and institutions have taken on increasing significance for domestic consumption, with stay-at-home orders blurring boundaries between home, work and leisure, we conclude by arguing that future research and sustainability policy should attend more to the institutional qualities of practices.

Historical Experience and Contemporary Reflection of the Supply Side Reform of Rural Teacher Training in China

The supply-side reform of rural teachers’ teaching is not only a realistic problem but also a historical problem. Based on the historical analysis framework of teachers’ training, the thesis conducted the historical reflection and interpretative analysis of the top-down practice of the supply-side reform during the Rural Teacher Education Movement in China. According to the supply-side reform on rural teacher training, there exist problems such as city-oriented supply structure, disconnected supply system, and upper-dominant supply management. Therefore, it is suggested to getting rid of the homogeneous supply structure, breaking the enclosed supply system, and improving the educational governance paths such as the centralized supply management. Furthermore, the supply-side reform practice of the Rural Teacher Education Movement can provide historical reflection and enlightenment for supply-side reform of rural teacher training, teacher education revitalization and intensive development, and governance modernization in the Post-poverty Alleviation Era.