Starchitects in Bohemia: An Exploration of Cultural Cities from the “Top-Down” and “Bottom-Up”

2020 ◽  
pp. 107808742093404
Author(s):  
Hyesun Jeong ◽  
Matt Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Ecological Relationship ◽  
Significant Attention

Urban scholars have devoted significant attention to the “cultural city,” but less attention has been paid to how different forms of culture relate to each other and to the larger urban environment. In this article, we compare two quintessential forms of culture-led urbanization that represent opposite ends on a spectrum: iconic architecture and neo-bohemia. While iconic architecture is a “top-down” approach to culture involving large budgets, elite “starchitects,” and powerful clients, neo-bohemia tends to be a “bottom-up” phenomenon formed as individual artists gravitate toward particular neighborhoods, establishing arts scenes. Using a combination of neighborhood case studies and national-level quantitative analysis, we investigate the ecological relationship between these two phenomena. In doing so, we provide new insights into the geographic and social structure of the cultural city.

scholarly journals Comparison and evaluation of anthropogenic emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> over China

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 3433-3456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Randall V. Martin ◽  
Bo Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Chemical Transport ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Ozone Monitoring Instrument ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Abstract. Bottom-up emission inventories provide primary understanding of sources of air pollution and essential input of chemical transport models. Focusing on SO2 and NOx, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of two widely used anthropogenic emission inventories over China, ECLIPSE and MIX, to explore the potential sources of uncertainties and find clues to improve emission inventories. We first compared the activity rates and emission factors used in two inventories and investigated the reasons of differences and the impacts on emission estimates. We found that SO2 emission estimates are consistent between two inventories (with 1 % differences), while NOx emissions in ECLIPSE's estimates are 16 % lower than those of MIX. The FGD (flue-gas desulfurization) device penetration rate and removal efficiency, LNB (low-NOx burner) application rate and abatement efficiency in power plants, emission factors of industrial boilers and various vehicle types, and vehicle fleet need further verification. Diesel consumptions are quite uncertain in current inventories. Discrepancies at the sectorial and provincial levels are much higher than those of the national total. We then examined the impacts of different inventories on model performance by using the nested GEOS-Chem model. We finally derived top-down emissions by using the retrieved columns from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) compared with the bottom-up estimates. High correlations were observed for SO2 between model results and OMI columns. For NOx, negative biases in bottom-up gridded emission inventories (−21 % for MIX, −39 % for ECLIPSE) were found compared to the satellite-based emissions. The emission trends from 2005 to 2010 estimated by two inventories were both consistent with satellite observations. The inventories appear to be fit for evaluation of the policies at an aggregated or national level; more work is needed in specific areas in order to improve the accuracy and robustness of outcomes at finer spatial and also technological levels. To our knowledge, this is the first work in which source comparisons detailed to technology-level parameters are made along with the remote sensing retrievals and chemical transport modeling. Through the comparison between bottom-up emission inventories and evaluation with top-down information, we identified potential directions for further improvement in inventory development.

scholarly journals Innovating (a Lot) With a Little: High-Tech Innovation in Southeast Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nebojša Radojević
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Technology Industries ◽  
High Technology Industries ◽  
The Eu

Motivation: According to the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS, 2020), Southeast-European countries are either modest or moderate innovators because they consistently innovate below the EU average. Given that innovation is a key driver of economic growth (Hasan & Tucci, 2010), this implies that Southeast Europe has been economically falling back while simultaneously politically integrating with the EU. However, the EIS categorizes countries according to the inconclusive arithmetic mean of indicators for firm-level innovation (bottom-up) and indicators for inputs and enablers of innovation at the national level (top-down). Besides, it does not separately assess innovation performance of high-technology industries although these are crucial for international competitiveness (Schwab, 2019). Consequently, this paper answers the following research question: What is innovation performance of high and medium-high technology industries in Southeast Europe in comparison to the EU average? Idea: In contrast to the EIS which merges top-down with bottom-up innovation indicators, the core idea of this paper has been to analyse only bottom-up data on comparative innovation performance of high and medium-high technology industries in Southeast Europe. Method and data: The paper methodologically draws on guidelines for collecting, reporting, and using data on innovation by Oslo Manual (OECD & Eurostat, 2018), and uses secondary data from 2010-2016 Community Innovation Surveys of enterprises to compile an own set of 140 data points. Innovation activity within an industry is defined as the ratio of innovative enterprises to the total population of enterprises while innovation performance is the ratio of innovation activity in the respective country to innovation activity of this industry in the whole EU. Tools: All data points have been arranged country-wise as unbalanced contingency panels and plotted to draw conclusions on innovation performance of high and medium-high technology industries in Southeast Europe. Findings: Although all top-down innovation inputs and enablers at the national level are far below the EU average throughout Southeast Europe, several industries in the region reach or surpass the average EU innovation performance: the pharmaceutical industry in Croatia, all medium-high technology industries in Turkey, manufacture of machinery in North Macedonia and Serbia, as well as manufacture of motor vehicles in all countries except for Romania. Contributions and limitations: This is the first known paper to benchmark innovation performance of high and medium-high technology industries throughout Southeast Europe. In addition, the paper reveals the shortcomings of the whole-country method employed by the EIS since it clearly points out that innovation performance of national industries should be assessed instead. Limitations of the paper are the exclusive focus on innovation as a process and partly restricted data availability.

scholarly journals Elementary Principal/Superintendent Relationship as Perceived by Teachers

2001 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Catherine H. Glascock ◽  
Diane Taylor
Keyword(s):  
School Climate ◽  
School District ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
School Change ◽  
Elementary Principal ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Despite more than a decade of research on bottom-up school change, the principal/ superintendent relationship continues to be studied primarily as a traditional flow of power from the top down. There is little research that considers the proposition that power vested in principals can be exercised upwardly within the school district hierarchy in the form of independence from and influence on the superintendent. Given the lack of research on these phenomena, it is not surprising that we could find no studies that explore the effects of hierarchical independence and influence on school climate. The present study investigates both. Two schools form the basis of this comparative case study. The schools were chosen based on scores obtained through the OCDQ and TAI instruments. The first school is selected for its high scores on both instruments and the second school is selected based on average scores on the OCDQ and the TAI. Both schools are in the same school district and a brief description of that district begins the discussion. Individual case study findings as well as a comparison of the two case studies follow.

Analysis of cumulative climate risks and associated impact cascades in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Neukom ◽  
Nadine Salzmann ◽  
Christian Huggel ◽  
Veruska Muccione ◽  
Sabine Kleppek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
National Level ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
First Case

&lt;p&gt;A recent study on &amp;#8216;climate-related risks and opportunities&amp;#8217; of the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) identified knowledge gaps and related missing planning tools for risks with low probability of occurrence but potentially very severe impacts for society and/or the environment. Such risks refer in particular to risks triggered by cumulating meteorological/climatic extremes events, which (i) exacerbate through process cascades or (ii) return within shorter time intervals than expected.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To respond to these knowledge gaps and &amp;#8216;blind spots&amp;#8217; in climate risks, a collaborative effort including academic and government institutions at different administrative levels is undertaken in order to explore and analyse the potential of such large cumulative, complex risks and to suggest actions needed to manage them in Switzerland. The project is based on two case studies, which are developed in consultation with stakeholders from science, policy and practice at the national and sub-national level.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The case studies analyse risks triggered by meteorological events based on projected and recently published Swiss Climate Scenarios CH2018, considering rare but plausible scenarios where such triggering events cumulate and/or occur in combinations.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first case study focuses on mountain systems in the southern Swiss Alps, with a potential reduction of the protective capacity of forests caused by extreme drought and heat, and subsequent increase of risks due to multiple natural hazards (fires, snow avalanches, landslides). A semi-quantitative analysis based on expert surveys allows us to estimate the probability of different levels of loss of the protective function caused by the given meteorological trigger event. In a parallel bottom-up approach we perform the analysis with an impacts-perspective and estimate the ecological and climatological thresholds that lead to a partial or complete loss of protective function. Results from the two methods are qualitatively compatible, but the bottom-up approach tends to show a higher risk of damage compared to the more &amp;#8216;classical&amp;#8217; top-down analysis for similar meteorological events.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second case study focuses on cascading impacts in relation with recurrent large-scale drought and heat events on urban systems and their vulnerable elements. We draw potential process cascades across various socio-economic systems for the urban area of Basel based on a systematic analysis of potentially relevant precedent information from selected past cases worldwide.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our study is expected to provide important information concerning highly vulnerable systems and elements, their protection, and tipping points towards severe risk amplification. Moreover, we point to feasible risk management approaches and suggest transformative adaptation measures.&lt;/p&gt;

Distributional semantics insights on agentive suffix rivalry in French

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-391
Author(s):  
Richard Huyghe ◽  
Marine Wauquier
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Distributional Properties ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
New Perspective

The formation of French agent nouns (ANs) involves a large variety of morphological constructions, and particularly of suffixes. In this study, we focus on the semantic counterpart of agentive suffix diversity and investigate whether the morphological variety of ANs correlates with different agentive subtypes. We adopt a distributional semantics approach and combine manual, computational and statistical analyses applied to French ANs ending in -aire, -ant, -eur, -ien, -ier and -iste. Our methodology allows for a large-scale study of ANs and involves both top-down and bottom-up procedures. We first characterize agentive suffixes with respect to their morphosemantic and distributional properties, outlining their specificities and similarities. Then we automatically cluster ANs into distributionally relevant subsets and examine their properties. Based on quantitative analysis, our study provides a new perspective on agentive suffix rivalry in French that both confirms existing claims and sheds light on previously unseen phenomena.

scholarly journals What is a “case”?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Mather
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

This article interrogates the concept of a “case” in court, in an effort to clarify underlying concerns in debates over whether there is “too much” or “too little” litigation. One perspective on litigation takes a bottom-up view, examining the considerations and motives of disputing parties who file civil claims. This perspective includes theories about litigation and social structure, economics, dispute transformation, political participation, and psychology. An alternative top-down view examines litigation from the perspective of government, including its interest in dispute resolution, social control, and institutional capacities of courts. The article reviews and critiques existing literature on these perspectives and concludes with the importance of integrating them.

How to Implement Standardization Education in a Country

2015 ◽  
pp. 262-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk J. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
National Education ◽  
National Education System

This chapter explores how standardization education can be implemented at the national level. Previous studies form the main source for the chapter. This research shows that implementation of standardization in the national education system requires a national policy, a long-term investment in support, and cooperation between industry, standardization bodies, academia, other institutions involved in education, and government. The approach should combine bottom-up and top-down. The chapter is new in combining previous findings to an underpinned recommendation on how to implement standardization education.

Innovation in China’s information and communications technology industry

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzhi Li ◽  
Kai Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ict Industry

Purpose – This paper aims to identify the sources of innovation in the current business environment of China. With the set target of transforming China into an innovative society by 2020, the Chinese government has taken dramatic measures to foster the nation’s innovation capability. Whether this Chinese model of promoting innovation has been successful and can be sustainable are controversial issues which need to be analyzed from an academic perspective. In recent years, there have been successful cases of innovation driven by grassroots entrepreneurs, especially in the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. Therefore, it is time to analyze their success factors from the perspectives of both corporate strategy and government policy. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used in this research is a comparative case analysis, and several high-profile cases in China’s ICT industry have been selected for this comparative study. Information used in the analysis comes from publicly available sources such as business school case studies and industry and news media reports. The authors have been following the evolution of China’s ICT industry for more than a decade; insights from their prior research and knowledge gained through industry contacts are also used in the analysis. Findings – Generally speaking, the types of innovation in China’s ICT industry can be categorized into a top-down or a bottom-up approach. For the top-down approach of innovation driven by the government, the authors analyzed the case of the Chinese government’s effort to build an industry value chain through fostering the Chinese indigenous third-generation mobile communications standard time division–synchronous code division multiple access. In comparison, the authors use several success cases, including the ecosystem built around the highly successful XiaoMi mobile phone and Tencent’s mobile portal WeChat, as it showcases of the bottom-up approach of innovation driven by grassroots entrepreneurship. The comparison of these two approaches suggests that massive government-sponsored projects are unlikely to generate genuine innovation in the highly competitive and dynamic ICT sector. The government’s role should be to foster entrepreneurship and to create a fair business environment. Originality/value – This research uses the method of comparative case studies to identify the source of innovation in a highly dynamic and uncertain business environment. Findings of this study shed light on the government policy toward innovation in the ICT industry and on the business firms’ strategy on innovation.

Contradictory dynamics of empowerment in social innovation initiatives

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-136
Author(s):  
Stijn Oosterlynck ◽  
Andreas Novy ◽  
Bernhard Leubolt ◽  
Carla Weinzierl
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Over Time

In this chapter, we undertake a systematic analysis of the empowerment dimension of social innovation initiatives. The notions of social innovation and empowerment have a rather similar history. We provide a brief historical overview of the concept of empowerment and the diverse and competing meanings the concept has acquired over time. We then specify three dimensions of empowerment to analyse the empowering potential of social innovation: the bottom-up and top-down dynamics of empowerment, the relation between individual and collective forms of empowerment and the extent to which empowerment has an instrumental or expressive focus. In the analysed case studies of social innovation initiatives, we observe a pre-eminence of top-down empowerment, the dominance of individual empowerment dynamics and a predominant focus on instrumental forms of empowerment in social innovation initiatives, especially in the governance of labour market activation.

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