An Observational Study of the Morning and Evening Behavior of Individuals With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

As individuals with ADHD move to young adulthood, the morning and evening times become of increased importance. Sixty individuals were enrolled in a 14-day study (30 with ADHD and 30 did not have ADHD). Participants provided self-reports of ADHD symptoms and impairment using ecological momentary assessments administered each morning and each evening. Participants also identified a collateral who could provide daily ratings of the participant during the same time. Driving data were also passively collected. Results indicated differences in self and collateral ratings of ADHD symptoms and impairment, with greater symptom endorsement and reports of impairment for the individuals with ADHD. Self-report indicated greater endorsement in the evening, relative to the morning, for individuals with ADHD. Collateral report did not interact with time of day. Passive evaluation of driving performance was not significantly different. Results indicate young adult ADHD symptoms and impairment can be reliably assessed in the morning/evening. Public Health Significance Evidence of ADHD symptoms and impairments were documented in the morning and evening hours for individuals diagnosed with ADHD. These results illustrate additional areas in need of attention in the refinement of treatments for adults with ADHD.

Download Full-text

Incidence of Internet addiction in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.457 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S396-S397

Author(s):

B. Tuzun Mutluer ◽

T.G. Yener Orum ◽

S. Sertcelik

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Internet Addiction ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Internet Use ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Dsm Iv

ObjectiveIn this study, it was aimed to determine the internet use properties of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients who were followed-up at Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department; ADHD Outpatient Clinic.MethodThirty participants who were diagnosed with adult ADHD aged between 18–31 years rated their ADHD symptoms in childhood retrospectively, using Wender Utah Rating Scale. Patients rated current adult ADHD symptoms with the Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale (DSRS) and severity of symptoms measured by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Internet addiction (IA) was assessed with Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). It was determined that, none of 30 Adult ADHD patients have been diagnosed with IA.29 of patient have moderate internet use although 1 of patients have risky internet use. The results revealed that total ASRS score (P = 0.020), total Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based DSRS score (P = 0.036) and the Attention Deficit related properties subscale total score (P = 0.042) were significantly correlated with the IAS total score. Subscale of the self-report scales including; failing to finish schoolworks, chores, or duties at workplace, difficulty of following through on instructions (P = 0.017), restiveness; impaired inhibitory performance (P = 0.017), feeling not confident (P = 0.017), difficulty of managing time (P = 0.047), failing to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes (P = 0.037) are closely relevant to IAS total score.ResultIn conclusion, clinical features, which are characteristic of Adult ADHD could have same shared etiology with IA. Furthermore, ADHD patients are more likely to have an IA diagnosis. However, it was thought that this result had to be supported with studies including larger samples.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Download Full-text

Can the MMPI Predict Adult ADHD? An Approach Using Machine Learning Methods

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11060976 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 976

Author(s):

Sunhae Kim ◽

Hyekyung Lee ◽

Kounseok Lee

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Random Forest ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Linear Discriminant ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

(1) Background: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms cause various social difficulties due to attention deficit and impulsivity. In addition, in contrast to ADHD in childhood, ADHD in adulthood is difficult to diagnose due to mixed psychopathologies. This study aimed to determine whether it is possible to predict ADHD symptoms in adults using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with machine learning (ML) techniques; (2) Methods: Data collected from 5726 college students were analyzed. The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) was used, and ADHD symptoms in adults were evaluated using the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS). For statistical analysis, three ML algorithms were used, i.e., K-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and random forest, with the ASRS evaluation result as the dependent variable and the 50 MMPI-2-RF scales as predictors; (3) Results: When the KNN, LDA, and random forest techniques were applied, the accuracy was 93.1%, 91.2%, and 93.6%, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.722, 0.806, and 0.790, respectively. The AUC of the LDA method was the largest, with an excellent level of diagnostic accuracy; (4) Conclusions: ML using the MMPI-2 in a large group could provide reliable accuracy in screening for adult ADHD.

Download Full-text

Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling of the Structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults

Assessment ◽

10.1177/1073191120905892 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107319112090589

Author(s):

Rapson Gomez ◽

Vasileios Stavropoulos

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Self Report ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Confirmatory Factor

This study examined the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in an adult community sample using first-order confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis and ESEM models, with two group factors (inattention [IA] and hyperactivity/impulsivity [HY/IM]) and two different three group factors (IA, hyperactivity [HY], and impulsivity [IM]; and IA, motoric HY/IM, and verbal HY/IM). A total of 738 adults (males = 374 and females = 364) between 17 and 72 years of age completed the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. The results provided most support for the ESEM model with group factors for IA, motoric HY/IM, and verbal HY/IM. The factors in this model were reasonably well defined, had good internal consistency omega reliabilities, and had support for their external validities, thereby making it a suitable model for ratings of the ADHD symptoms presented in the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Download Full-text

The Moderating Effect of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on the Relationship Between Procrastination and Internalizing Symptoms in the General Adult Population

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708579 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Mana Oguchi ◽

Toru Takahashi ◽

Yusuke Nitta ◽

Hiroaki Kumano

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Internalizing Symptoms ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Adult Population ◽

Moderating Effect ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: The symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to exacerbate the effect of cognitive-behavioral impairments on emotional burden. Although adults with ADHD frequently experience procrastination and internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety, few studies have examined whether the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms differs by ADHD symptoms.Objective: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of ADHD symptoms on the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 470 adults (mean age=26.57, standard deviation=2.93) using self-reported questionnaires: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, General Procrastination Scales, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.Conclusion: Participants with more substantial ADHD symptoms experienced more procrastination and internalizing symptoms than those with the less substantial ADHD symptoms. Therefore, procrastination constitutes the treatment target for those suffering from ADHD and comorbid internalizing symptoms. Alternatively, there was no enhancing effect of ADHD symptoms on the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms. It is necessary to examine more precise and valid hypotheses and underlying mechanisms of procrastination in high and low ADHD symptom groups.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the CAARS Infrequency Index for the Detection of Noncredible ADHD Symptom Report in Adulthood

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment ◽

10.1177/0734282915626005 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (8) ◽

pp. 739-750 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anselm B. M. Fuermaier ◽

Lara Tucha ◽

Janneke Koerts ◽

Matthias Weisbrod ◽

Marco Grabemann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adult Adhd ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Sufficient Accuracy ◽

Self Report ◽

Simulation Design ◽

Design Data ◽

Symptom Report ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Initial Validation ◽

Self Reports

The reliance on self-reports in detecting noncredible symptom report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adulthood (aADHD) has been questioned due to findings showing that symptoms can easily be feigned on self-report scales. In response, Suhr and colleagues developed an infrequency index for the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CII) and provided initial validation for its utility in detecting noncredible symptom report. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of the CII in detecting noncredible aADHD symptom report by using a simulation design. Data did not support the validity of the CII for the detection of noncredible aADHD symptoms, as it failed to differentiate instructed malingerers from genuine patients with sufficient accuracy. It is concluded that there is a need for infrequency scales composed of items that were specifically developed to be endorsed infrequently and embedded within valid self-report scales.

Download Full-text

Samuel, D.B. & Ranseen, J.R. (2006, October). Stimulant medication’s effects on adult ADHD symptoms and NEO PI-R personality traits

10.31234/osf.io/6drtx ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Douglas Samuel ◽

John D. Ranseen

Keyword(s):

Personality Traits ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Self Report ◽

Emotional States ◽

Limited Information ◽

Stimulant Treatment ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Adhd Symptomatology

Previous studies have indicated a consistent profile of basic personality traits correlated with adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (e.g., Ranseen, Campbell, & Baer, 1998; Nigg et al., 2002). In particular, research has found that low scores of the Conscientiousness trait and high scores on Neuroticism have been correlated with ADHD symptomatology. However, to date there is limited information concerning the range of effect resulting from medication treatment for adult ADHD. During an 18 month period, 60 adults were diagnosed with ADHD based on strict, DSM-IV criteria at an outpatient clinic. This evaluation included a battery of neuropsychological tests and a measure of general personality (i.e., the NEO PI-R). Eleven of these participants returned to complete the battery a second time. The pre-post comparisons revealed significant changes following sustained stimulant treatment on both the neuropsychological and self-report measures. These individuals also displayed significant changes on two domains of the NEO PI-R. They showed a significant decrease on the domain of Neuroticism, indicating that now see themselves as less prone to experience negative emotional states such as anxiety and depression. Additionally, they also reported a significant increase on their scores on the domain of conscientiousness. This increase suggests that they see themselves as more organized and dependable.

Download Full-text

Comparison of In-Situ and Retrospective Self-Reports on Assessing Hearing Aid Outcomes

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1719133 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Hsiang Wu ◽

Elizabeth Stangl ◽

Octav Chipara ◽

Anna Gudjonsdottir ◽

Jacob Oleson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hearing Aids ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Outcome Data ◽

Self Report ◽

Data Collection And Analysis ◽

Self Reports ◽

Outcome Difference ◽

The Difference ◽

Ecological Momentary

Abstract Background Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a methodology involving repeated surveys to collect in-situ self-reports that describe respondents' current or recent experiences. Audiology literature comparing in-situ and retrospective self-reports is scarce. Purpose To compare the sensitivity of in-situ and retrospective self-reports in detecting the outcome difference between hearing aid technologies, and to determine the association between in-situ and retrospective self-reports. Research Design An observational study. Study Sample Thirty-nine older adults with hearing loss. Data Collection and Analysis The study was part of a larger clinical trial that compared the outcomes of a prototype hearing aid (denoted as HA1) and a commercially available device (HA2). In each trial condition, participants wore hearing aids for 4 weeks. Outcomes were measured using EMA and retrospective questionnaires. To ensure that the outcome data could be directly compared, the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile was administered as an in-situ self-report (denoted as EMA-GHABP) and as a retrospective questionnaire (retro-GHABP). Linear mixed models were used to determine if the EMA- and retro-GHABP could detect the outcome difference between HA1 and HA2. Correlation analyses were used to examine the association between EMA- and retro-GHABP. Results For the EMA-GHABP, HA2 had significantly higher (better) scores than HA1 in the GHABP subscales of benefit, residual disability, and satisfaction (p = 0.029–0.0015). In contrast, the difference in the retro-GHABP score between HA1 and HA2 was significant only in the satisfaction subscale (p = 0.0004). The correlations between the EMA- and retro-GHABP were significant in all subscales (p = 0.0004 to <0.0001). The strength of the association ranged from weak to moderate (r = 0.28–0.58). Finally, the exit interview indicated that 29 participants (74.4%) preferred HA2 over HA1. Conclusion The study suggests that in-situ self-reports collected using EMA could have a higher sensitivity than retrospective questionnaires. Therefore, EMA is worth considering in clinical trials that aim to compare the outcomes of different hearing aid technologies. The weak to moderate association between in-situ and retrospective self-reports suggests that these two types of measures assess different aspects of hearing aid outcomes.

Download Full-text

The Feasibility, Effectiveness, and Process of Change of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Adults With ADHD: A Mixed-Method Pilot Study

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/1087054717727350 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 928-942 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Lotte Janssen ◽

Alicia M. de Vries ◽

Sevket Hepark ◽

Anne E. M. Speckens

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Cognitive Therapy ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Process Of Change ◽

Mindfulness Skills ◽

Self Compassion

Objective: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising psychosocial intervention for adult ADHD. The feasibility and effectiveness of an adapted MBCT program is explored, together with the possible process of change. Method: Mixed-method study with 31 ADHD patients participating in an adapted MBCT program. Self-report questionnaires on ADHD symptoms, executive functioning, mindfulness skills, self-compassion, patient functioning, and health status were administered before and after MBCT. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 patients. Results: A modest drop-out of n = 5 (16%) was found. MBCT resulted in a significant reduction of ADHD symptoms and improvements of executive functioning, self-compassion, and mental health. Qualitative analysis provided insight in facilitators and barriers participants experienced, and their process of change. Conclusion: The adapted MBCT program seemed to be feasible for adults with ADHD and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness is shown. An adequately powered Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) is needed to further examine the effectiveness of MBCT for ADHD.

Download Full-text

Working memory and intra-individual variability in response time mediate fluid intelligence deficits associated with ADHD symptoms

10.31234/osf.io/wk5as ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Christopher Brydges ◽

Krista Ozolnieks ◽

Gareth Roberts

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Response Time ◽

Fluid Intelligence ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Memory Response ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Inattention And Hyperactivity ◽

Response Consistency

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychologicalcondition characterised by inattention and hyperactivity. Cognitive deficits are commonly observed in ADHD patients, including impaired working memory, response consistency, and fluid intelligence, which are theorised to be associated with one another. We aimed to determine if decreased fluid intelligence was associated with ADHD, and was mediated by deficits in working memory and intra-individual variability (IIV) in motor responding. The present study tested 142 young adults from the general population on a range of working memory, response time, and fluid intelligence tasks, and an ADHD self-report symptoms questionnaire. Results showed that total and hyperactive ADHD symptoms correlated significantly and negatively with fluid intelligence, but this association was fully mediated by both working memory and IIV in response time. However, inattentive symptoms were not associated with fluid intelligence. These results have important implications for clinicians using speeded psychometric tests as part of their assessment battery.

Download Full-text

Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and self-reported problem drinking in 6024 Dutch twins

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291714000361 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 2673-2683 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

E. M. Derks ◽

J. M. Vink ◽

G. Willemsen ◽

W. van den Brink ◽

D. I. Boomsma

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Adult Adhd ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Problem Drinking ◽

Environmental Influences ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Self Report ◽

Adhd Symptoms ◽

Phenotypic Correlations ◽

Dutch Twins

BackgroundCross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown a positive association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and problematic alcohol use in adults. To what extent this association is explained by genetic and environmental factors is largely unknown.MethodData on ADHD and alcohol consumption were collected by self-report in 6024 adult Dutch twins. ADHD symptoms were assessed by three subscales of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales – Self-Report: Screening Version (CAARS–S:SV): inattentiveness, hyperactivity and the ADHD index (ADHD-I). Problem drinking was defined as at least two self-reported alcohol-related problems on the CAGE questionnaire. Structural equation modelling was applied to the bivariate twin data to estimate genetic and environmental influences.ResultsHeritability of ADHD symptoms ranged between 32% and 40% and heritability of problem drinking was 50%. The positive correlation between ADHD symptoms and problem drinking was confirmed in this general population sample, with phenotypic correlations between 0.20 and 0.28 and genetic correlations between 0.39 and 0.50. Phenotypic correlations are primarily (61–100%) explained by genetic influences with non-shared environmental influences explaining the remaining covariance. No significant quantitative or qualitative gender differences in covariance structure were found.ConclusionsThis study convincingly shows that ADHD symptoms and problem drinking are moderately but significantly correlated in adults and that genetic correlations are primarily underlying this association. This suggests that early interventions are required to prevent adolescents with ADHD from developing problematic levels of alcohol use. Furthermore, clinicians who treat alcohol-dependent patients should be aware that the patient may have a co-morbid condition of ADHD; integrated interventions are required.

Download Full-text