Hiroyuki Maeda, MD, PhD
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Hideaki Iwase, PhD
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Akio Kanda, MD, PhD
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Itaru Morohashi, MD, PhD
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Kazuo Kaneko, MD, PhD
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Background: After an emergency or disaster, subsequent trauma can cause severe bleeding and this can often prove fatal, so promptly stopping that bleeding is crucial to preventing avoidable trauma deaths. A tourniquet is often used to restrict blood flow to an extremity. In operation and hospital, the tourniquet systems currently in use are pneumatically actuated by an air compressor, so they must have a steady power supply. These devices have several drawbacks: they vibrate and are noisy since they are pneumatically actuated and they are far from portable since they are large and heavy.Introduction: Presumably, the drawbacks of pneumatic tourniquets could be overcome by developing a small, lightweight, vibration-free, quiet, and battery- powered tourniquet system. The current study built a small, vibration-free electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump and then used that pump to restrict blood flow to the leg of rats in an experiment. This study explored the optimal conditions for effective restriction of blood flow by assessing biochemical and musculoskeletal complications following the restriction of blood flow, and this study also examined whether or not an EHD pump could be used to actuate a tourniquet system.Methods: A tourniquet cuff (width 12 mm × length 150 mm, material: polyolefin) was placed on the thigh of Wistar rats and pressure was applied for 2 hours by a device that uses EHD phenomena to generate pressure (an EHD pump). Animals were divided into four groups based on how much compressive pressure was applied with a tourniquet: 40 kPa (300 mm Hg, n = 13), 30 kPa (225 mm Hg, n = 12), 20 kPa (150 mm Hg, n = 15), or 0 kPa (controls, n = 25). Tissue oxygen saturation (regional oxygen saturation, denoted here as rSO2) was measured to assess the restriction of blood flow. To assess behavior once blood flow resumed, animal activity was monitored for third day and the amount of movement was counted with digital counters. Body weight was measured before and after the behavioral experiment, and changes in body weight were determined. Blood was sampled after a behavioral experiment and biochemically assessed and creatine kinase (CK) levels were measured.Results: Tissue oxygen saturation decreased significantly in each group. When a tourniquet was applied at a pressure of 30 kPa or more, tissue oxygen saturation decreased significantly. The amount of movement (the count) over third day decreased more when a tourniquet was applied at a higher pressure. The control group resumed the same amount of movement per day second after blood flow resumed. Animals to which a tourniquet was applied at a pressure of 20 or 30 kPa resumed the same amount of movement third day after blood flow resumed. In contrast, animals to which a tourniquet was applied at a pressure of 40 kPa did not resume the same amount of movement third day after blood flow resumed. After the behavioral experiment, animals to which a tourniquet was applied at a pressure of 40 kPa had a significantly lower body weight in comparison to the control group. After the behavioral experiment, animals to which a tourniquet was applied at a pressure of 40 kPa had significantly elevated CK levels in comparison to the control group.Discussion and Conclusion: A relationship between blood flow restriction pressure and tissue oxygen saturation was noted. rSO2 measurement can be used to assess the restriction of blood flow during surgery. On the basis of the decrease in rSO2, blood flow was effectively restricted at a pressure of 30 kPa or more. When, however, blood flow was restricted at a pressure of 40 kPa, weight loss and decreased movement were noted and CK levels increased after the behavioral experiment. Thus, complications had presumably developed due to damage to muscle tissue. These findings indicate that blood flow was effectively restricted in this experiment and they also indicate the existence of an optimal blood flow restriction pressure that does not cause musculoskeletal complications. The pressure in question was around 30 kPa. The tourniquet system that was developed here is actuated with an EHD pump that is still in the trial stages. That said, its pressure can readily be controlled and this pump could be used in a tourniquet system since it is quiet, vibration-free, and small. The pressure of this pump can be finely adjusted to prevent musculoskeletal complications.
Intradialytic exercise with blood flow restriction is more effective than conventional exercise in improving walking endurance in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial
