scholarly journals Systematic Review of Criminal and Legal Involvement After Substance Use and Mental Health Treatment Among Veterans: Building Toward Needed Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117822181990128
Author(s):  
Christine Timko ◽  
Amia Nash ◽  
Mandy D Owens ◽  
Emmeline Taylor ◽  
Andrea K Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Effective Treatments

Evidence indicates that substance use and mental health treatment is often associated with reduced criminal activity. The present systematic review examined this association among military veterans, and aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of needed research to further contribute to reduced criminal activity among veterans. This systematic review was derived from a scoping review that mapped existing research on justice-involved veterans’ health. For the current systematic review, a subset of 20 publications was selected that addressed the question of whether criminal activity declines among veterans treated for substance use and mental health disorders. Generally, veterans improved on criminal outcomes from pre- to post-treatment for opioid use, other substance use, or mental health conditions, and more sustained treatment was associated with better outcomes. This occurred despite high rates of criminal involvement among veterans prior to entering treatment. Needed are substance use and mental health treatment studies that include women justice-involved veterans, follow criminally-active veterans for longer periods of time, and use validated and reliable measures of criminal activity with fully transparent statistical procedures. Future randomized trials should evaluate new treatments against evidence-based treatments (versus no-treatment control conditions). Subsequent studies should examine how to link veterans to effective treatments, facilitate sustained treatment engagement, and ensure the availability of effective treatments, and examine mechanisms (mediators and moderators) that explain the association of treatment with reduced criminal activity among veterans. Best practices are needed for reducing criminal activity among the minority of justice-involved veterans who do not have diagnosed substance use and/or mental health disorders.

scholarly journals Examining the Association and Directionality between Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use among Adolescents and Young Adults in the U.S. and Canada—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvenaz Esmaeelzadeh ◽  
John Moraros ◽  
Lilian Thorpe ◽  
Yelena Bird
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The U.S

Background: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use among adolescents and young adults in the U.S. and Canada. Methods: The following databases were used: Medline, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library. Meta-analysis used odds ratios as the pooled measure of effect. Results: A total of 3656 studies were screened and 36 were selected. Pooled results showed a positive association between depression and use of alcohol (odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24–1.83), cannabis (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.10–1.51), and tobacco (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.43–1.92). Significant associations were also found between anxiety and use of alcohol (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19–2.00), cannabis (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.81), and tobacco (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.54–3.17). A bidirectional relationship was observed with tobacco use at baseline leading to depression at follow-up (OR = 1.87, CI = 1.23–2.85) and depression at baseline leading to tobacco use at follow-up (OR = 1.22, CI = 1.09–1.37). A unidirectional relationship was also observed with cannabis use leading to depression (OR = 1.33, CI = 1.19–1.49). Conclusion: This study offers insights into the association and directionality between mental health disorders and substance use among adolescents and young adults. Our findings can help guide key stakeholders in making recommendations for interventions, policy and programming.

scholarly journals Identifying a Need for Mental Health Services Posthospitalization in Adolescent Trauma Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hochstetler ◽  
Ashley Vetor ◽  
Jodi Raymond ◽  
Hannah Bozell ◽  
Teresa Bell
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Prescription Opioid Use

Background: Nearly 150,000 children were hospitalized due to an injury in 2018. Hospitalized patients are often prescribed opioids and as a result, one in eight adolescents will continue using opioids twelve months after hospitalization. Predictors of sustained opioid use and future misuse posthospitalization have yet to be studied in adolescents. One of these predictors may be mental health disorders following hospitalization. It is known mental health disorders can lead to substance use disorders if not addressed properly. In this study we examined the associations between injury severity, mental health, and substance use among adolescents.     Methods: Patients between 12 to 18 years old admitted for trauma were surveyed upon enrollment, and subsequently at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months posthospitalization. These surveys measured anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, prescription and non-prescription drug use, pain severity and pain interference.   Results: At enrollment and one-month posthospitalization, higher pain interference was associated with anxiety (p=.003), depression (p<.001), and PTSD (p=.004). Increased pain severity was also associated with higher PTSD (p=.003) However, at three months, pain severity and interference were only associated with PTSD (p=.005, p=.009). Frequent alcohol use and higher PTSD were found to be statistically significant at six and twelve months (p=.02). Regular prescription opioid use was related to higher anxiety (p=.048) and depression (p=.048) only at enrollment and higher PTSD only at one month (p=.034). Prescription opioid use was not associated with pain severity and interference at enrollment but was found significant at one month (p=.016, p=.36).    Conclusion: Adolescents who reported higher pain severity and interference also more commonly had mental health disorders such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Higher PTSD scores and frequent alcohol use were also related post-injury. Screening for mental health after hospitalization should be further investigated in identifying adolescents who may be at risk for future opioid use disorders. 

scholarly journals 272Transdiagnostic Risk and Protective Factors for Psychopathology in Young People: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miss Samantha Lynch ◽  
Matthew Sunderland ◽  
Nicola C Newton ◽  
Cath Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Health Disorders

Abstract Focus of Presentation Mental health and substance use disorders are among the leading causes of burden of disease worldwide. These disorders often emerge during adolescence, with risk of onset peaking between the ages 13 and 24. Despite decades of research, the underlying causes of mental health disorders remain unclear. This in part may be due to limitations of existing, categorical diagnostic systems, such as low specificity demonstrated by the high rates of co-occurring mental health disorders. A growing body of research supports a move towards dimensional, empirically derived models of psychopathology, such as the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (Hi-TOP) model. The present systematic review seeks to identify risk and protective factors for psychopathology in young people that occur across traditional diagnostic categories by synthesising and evaluating findings from research investigating empirically based models of psychopathology. Findings Findings will be summarised in a narrative synthesis and grouped by broad research domain, such as genetic, neurobiological, cognitive social and environmental. Conclusions/Implications The implications of these findings for the development of prevention and early intervention programs will be discussed. Key messages Empirically based models of psychopathology provide a vital opportunity to advance our knowledge of the risk and protective factors for mental health and substance use disorders, and in turn lead to the development or enhancement of prevention programs.

scholarly journals Receipt of medications for opioid use disorder among youth engaged in primary care: data from 6 health systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Bagley ◽  
Laura Chavez ◽  
Jordan M. Braciszewski ◽  
Mary Akolsile ◽  
Denise M. Boudreau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Medication Treatment ◽  
Health Disorders

Abstract Purpose Little is known about prevalence and treatment of OUD among youth engaged in primary care (PC). Medications are the recommended treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) for adolescents and young adults (youth). This study describes the prevalence of OUD, the prevalence of medication treatment for OUD, and patient characteristics associated with OUD treatment among youth engaged in PC. Methods This cross-sectional study includes youth aged 16–25 years engaged in PC. Eligible patients had ≥ 1 PC visit during fiscal years (FY) 2014–2016 in one of 6 health systems across 6 states. Data from electronic health records and insurance claims were used to identify OUD diagnoses, office-based OUD medication treatment, and patient demographic and clinical characteristics in the FY of the first PC visit during the study period. Descriptive analyses were conducted in all youth, and stratified by age (16–17, 18–21, 22–25 years). Results Among 303,262 eligible youth, 2131 (0.7%) had a documented OUD diagnosis. The prevalence of OUD increased by ascending age groups. About half of youth with OUD had documented depression or anxiety and one third had co-occurring substance use disorders. Receipt of medication for OUD was lowest among youth 16–17 years old (14%) and highest among those aged 22–25 (39%). Conclusions In this study of youth engaged in 6 health systems across 6 states, there was low receipt of medication treatment, and high prevalence of other substance use disorders and mental health disorders. These findings indicate an urgent need to increase medication treatment for OUD and to integrate treatment for other substance use and mental health disorders.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders among Individuals Enrolled in an Emergency Response Program for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117822182098199
Author(s):  
Christine Bakos-Block ◽  
James R Langabeer ◽  
Andrea Yatsco ◽  
Marylou Cardenas-Turanzas ◽  
Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Health Disorders

Background: Psychiatric co-occurring disorders among individuals with opioid use disorder has primarily focused on epidemiological surveys of patients in continuous or long-term treatment, yet little is known about the socio-economically vulnerable who are non-treatment seeking prior to an emergency response. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who had enrolled in a study involving home outreach to patients referred from police, emergency medical services (EMS), or hospital emergency departments following an emergency response. The sample is largely socio-economically vulnerable with high rates of unemployment and uninsured. Eligible consenting patients received an intervention consisting of medication (buprenorphine), behavioral counseling, and peer support. Participants completed semi-structured, psychological instruments to assess current and prior history for both substance use and mental health disorders. We used descriptive statistics to evaluate rates of co-occurring mental health comorbidity. Results: Among 102 patients (average age = 36.5 years old), approximately 61 (59.8%) reported a prior mental health diagnosis, with 31 (30.3%) currently on medications for their diagnoses. Mood and anxiety disorders were most frequently recorded. Just over half (51%) had received any prior treatment for their substance use. Of those with dual disorders, 67.2% had experienced prior suicidal thoughts, and 63.7% reported polysubstance use of 5 or more substances. Conclusion: Co-occurring psychiatric disorders, and specifically mood and anxiety disorders, appear to be prevalent in vulnerable populations at an increased rate. Mental health assessments should routinely be performed in the emergency setting and in early stages of treatment.

scholarly journals Gaming your mental health: mitigating depression and anxiety symptoms via commercial video games (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kowal ◽  
Eoin Conroy ◽  
Niall Ramsbottom ◽  
Tim Smithies ◽  
Adam Toth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Health Disorders

UNSTRUCTURED Globally, depression and anxiety are the two most prevalent mental health disorders. Depression and anxiety occur both acutely and chronically, with various symptoms commonly expressed sub-clinically. The mental health treatment gap and stigma associated with mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are common issues encountered worldwide. Given the economic and healthcare service burden of mental illness, there is a heightened demand for accessible and cost-effective methods that prevent and facilitate coping with mental health illness. This demand has only become exacerbated following the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent increase in incidence of mental health disorders. To address these demands, a growing body of research is exploring alternative solutions to traditional mental health treatment. Commercial video games have been shown to impart cognitive benefits to those that play regularly (ie attentional control, cognitive flexibility and information processing). In this paper, we specifically focus on mental health benefits from the use of commercial video games for tackling depression and anxiety symptoms. In the light of the current research, we conclude that commercial video games show great promise as an inexpensive, readily accessible, internationally available, effective and stigma free resource for the mitigation of some mental health issues in the absence of, or as an addition to, more traditional therapeutic treatments.

Suicidality and Treatment Experience Among Young People Who Inject Drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti ◽  
Lawrence J. Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Young People ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental Health Treatment ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
The Past

Background. We examined correlates of past year suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) and described past year treatment experiences among young people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods. Participants were 570 adults (18-25 years) who injected primarily heroin. Interviews were conducted at field stations operated by Community Outreach Intervention Projects in Chicago, Illinois (USA). Interviewers administered the Psychiatric Research Instrument for Substance and Mental Disorders. Substance use and mental disorders were based on DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Past year STB was based on multiple questions. Results. Sixteen percent of men and 25% of women reported STB in the past year. In multivariable analysis, STB was associated with non-heterosexual orientation, foster care, and being raised by two parents. Primary major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, other anxiety disorders, and borderline personality disorder had independent effects on suicidality. Among those reporting past year STB (n=111), 83% ever received mental health treatment, while 44% did so in the past year. While 24% of respondents indicated that at least one treatment matched their needs very well, 30% reported treatment that did not match their needs at all. The most common reason for ending treatment was program completion (about 50%) while getting better was endorsed by about 25%. Nearly half reported ending treatment due to a bad experience, logistical issues, or expense. Conclusions. Young PWID are at high risk for suicidal behavior and their mental health treatment experiences often do not meet their needs. There is a pressing need for more integrated substance use and mental health treatment.

227. Does baseline substance use predict subsequent development of mental health disorders in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients?

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. S111-S112
Author(s):  
Neil V. Shah ◽  
Cameron R. Moattari ◽  
Harleen Kaur ◽  
Adam J. Wolfert ◽  
Sirish Khanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Idiopathic Scoliosis ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
Health Disorders
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