Making one-sided exercise decisions: The influence of exercise-related cognitive errors

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1240-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R Locke ◽  
Lawrence R Brawley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cognitive Error ◽  
Biased Processing

Exercise-related cognitive errors reflect biased processing of exercise-relevant information. The purpose of this study was to examine whether differences existed between individuals reporting low and high exercise-related cognitive errors on information processed about a relevant exercise decision-making situation. In all, 138 adults completed an online questionnaire. The high exercise-related cognitive error group primarily focused on negative content about the situation compared to the low exercise-related cognitive error group who focused on both positive and negative content. The high exercise-related cognitive error group displayed biased processing of exercise information, as suggested by the cognitive errors model. Future research should examine whether biasing information processing caused by exercise-related cognitive errors can be modified and attenuated.

scholarly journals A systematic review of the role of Big Data Analytics in reducing the influence of cognitive errors on the audit judgement

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Big Data Analytics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Revisión Sistemática ◽  
Toma De Decisiones

This systematic literature review provides the association between memory processes, auditors judgement and decision-making process under the influence of cognitive errors. Due to limited cognitive resources, auditors are unable to analyze the population of accounting transactions, therefore, they use sampling and heuristics for information processing. In the context of Big Data (BD), auditors may face a similar problem of information overload and exhibit cognitive errors, resulting in the selection and analysis of irrelevant information cues. But Big Data analytics (BDA) can facilitate information processing and analysis of complex diverse Big Data by reducing the influence of auditor’s cognitive errors. The current study adapts Ding et al., (2017) framework in the auditing context that identify causes of cognitive errors influencing auditor’s information processing. This review identified 75 auditing related studies to elaborate the role of BD and BDA in improving audit judgement. In addition, role of memory, cognitive errors, and judgement and decision-making are highlighted by using 61 studies. The analysis provides useful insight in different open areas by proposing research propositions and research questions that can be explored by future research to gain extensive understanding on the association between memory and audit judgement in the context of BD and BDA. La revisión sistemática de la literatura proporciona la asociación entre los procesos de la memoria, el juicio de los auditores y el proceso de toma de decisiones bajo la influencia de errores cognitivos. Debido a los limitados recursos cognitivos, los auditores no pueden analizar la población de transacciones contables; por lo tanto, utilizan el muestreo y la heurística para el procesamiento de la información. En el contexto de Big Data (BD), los auditores pueden enfrentarse a un problema similar de sobrecarga de información y exhibir errores cognitivos, lo que resulta en la selección y análisis de indicios de información irrelevantes. No obstante, la analítica de Big Data (BDA) puede facilitar el procesamiento de información y el análisis de datos complejos y diversos al reducir la influencia de los errores cognitivos del auditor. El presente estudio adapta el marco de trabajo de Ding et al (2017) en el contexto de la auditoría que identifica las causas de los errores cognitivos que influyen en el procesamiento de la información del auditor. Esta revisión identificó 75 estudios relacionados con la auditoría para elaborar el papel de BD y BDA en la mejora del juicio de auditoría. Además, el papel de la memoria, los errores cognitivos y el juicio y la toma de decisiones se destacan mediante el uso de 61 estudios. El análisis proporciona una visión útil de los diferentes aspectos abiertos de la cuestión proponiendo propuestas y preguntas de estudio que puedan ser exploradas por la investigación futura para obtener una comprensión amplia de la asociación entre la memoria y el juicio de auditoría en el contexto de BD y BDA.

Frameworks and Models in Decision-Making and Judgment in Child Welfare and Protection

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-26
Author(s):  
Rami Benbenishty ◽  
John D. Fluke
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Child Welfare ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Predictive Risk

This chapter presents the basic concepts, theoretical perspectives, and areas of scholarship that bear on decisions in child welfare—making choices in decision environments characterized by high levels of uncertainty. The authors distinguish between normative models that predict what decision-makers ought to choose when faced with alternatives and descriptive models that describe how they tend to make these choices in real life. The chapter reviews those challenges that may be especially relevant in the complex context of child welfare and protection. One way in which decision-makers overcome task complexities and limitations in human information processing (bounded rationality) is by using heuristics to navigate complex tasks. The chapter reviews strategies to correct some limitations in judgment. The authors examine the relationships between workers’ predictions of what would be the outcomes of the case and the actual outcomes and describe two types of error (false positive and false negative) and the related concepts of specificity and sensitivity. These issues are followed by a description of the Lens Model and some of its implications for child welfare decision-making, including predictive risk modeling and studies on information processing models. The final section presents current theoretical models in child welfare decision-making and describes Decision-Making Ecology (DME) and Judgments and Decision Processes in Context (JUDPiC). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research on child welfare decision-making that could contribute to our conceptual understanding and have practical utility as well.

scholarly journals The claustrum: Considerations regarding its anatomy, functions and a programme for research

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 239821281771896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Dillingham ◽  
Maciej M. Jankowski ◽  
Ruchi Chandra ◽  
Bethany E. Frost ◽  
Shane M. O’Mara
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Extensive Range

The claustrum is a highly conserved but enigmatic structure, with connections to the entire cortical mantle, as well as to an extended and extensive range of heterogeneous subcortical structures. Indeed, the human claustrum is thought to have the highest number of connections per millimetre cubed of any other brain region. While there have been relatively few functional investigations of the claustrum, many theoretical suggestions have been put forward, including speculation that it plays a key role in the generation of consciousness in the mammalian brain. Other claims have been more circumspect, suggesting that the claustrum has a particular role in, for example, orchestrating cortical activity, spatial information processing or decision making. Here, we selectively review certain key recent anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural experimental advances in claustral research and present evidence that calls for a reassessment of its anatomical boundaries in the rodent. We conclude with some open questions for future research.

Cognitive error in an academic emergency department

Diagnosis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Schnapp ◽  
Jean E. Sun ◽  
Jeremy L. Kim ◽  
Reuben J. Strayer ◽  
Kaushal H. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Cognitive Errors ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Cognitive Error ◽  
Medicine Service ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Medical error is a leading cause of death nationwide. While systems issues have been closely investigated as a contributor to error, little is known about the cognitive factors that contribute to diagnostic error in an emergency department (ED) environment. Methods Eight months of patient revisits within 72 h where patients were admitted on their second visit were examined. Fifty-two cases of confirmed error were identified and classified using a modified version of the Australian Patient Safety Foundation classification system for medical errors by a group of trained physicians. Results Faulty information processing was the most frequently identified category of error (45% of cases), followed by faulty verification (31%). Faulty knowledge (6%) and faulty information gathering (18%) occurred relatively infrequently. “Misjudging the salience of a finding” and “premature closure” were the individual errors that occurred most frequently (13%). Conclusions Despite the complex nature of diagnostic reasoning, cognitive errors of information processing appear to occur at higher rates than other errors, and in a similar pattern to an internal medicine service despite a different clinical environment. Further research is needed to elucidate why these errors occur and how to mitigate them.

The Path of Least Resistance

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj K. Shah ◽  
Daniel M. Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Different Parts

Recent work on judgment and decision making has focused on how people preferentially use cues, or pieces of relevant information, that are easy to access when making decisions. In this article, we discuss a framework for understanding the ways that cues become accessible. We begin by identifying two components of cues and show how these components can become accessible during different parts a decision process. We highlight evidence for the use of accessible information and discuss implications for future research on heuristics.

Managerial decision making under specific emotions

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 861-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Bachkirov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Processing Effects

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate decision-processing effects of incidental emotions in managerial decision-making situations. Design/methodology/approach – A complex multi-attribute, multi-alternative decision task related to international human resources management is used as a research vehicle. The data are obtained by means of an electronic information board. Findings – Happiness and anger cause the decision maker to process less decision-relevant information, whereas fear activates more detail-oriented processing. The results are explained within the valence model and cognitive-appraisal framework. Research limitations/implications – A boundary condition of the study is the level of induced emotions. Processing effects of extremely high levels of emotions are not examined, which necessarily limits the generalizability of the findings. Also, the experiment focusses on the decision-processing effects of single isolated emotions extracted by manipulations; future research needs to examine decision-making implications of an entire emotion episode, which is likely to contain emotion mixtures. Practical implications – For managers, this study demonstrates the importance of being mindful of how incidental emotional states can bias choice processing in complex managerial decisions. Originality/value – This study extends earlier organizational research by focussing on decision-making consequences of emotion, rather than those of mood or stress. It brings together research on incidental emotions and process-tracing methodologies, thereby allowing for more direct assessment of the observed effects. Decision-processing consequences of emotion are shown to persist throughout a content-rich managerial decision task without being neutralized by an intensive cognitive engagement.

How psychiatrists think

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Crumlish ◽  
Brendan D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Error ◽  
Apply Research ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Clinical Interest ◽  
Clinical Thinking

SummaryOver the past decade, the study of error in medicine has expanded to incorporate new insights from cognitive psychology, generating increased research and clinical interest in cognitive errors and clinical decision-making. The study of cognitive error focuses on predictable errors in thinking that result from the use of cognitive shortcuts or ‘heuristics’. Heuristics reduce the time, resources and cognitive effort required for clinical decision-making and are a feature of mature clinical thinking. Heuristics can also lead to bias and must be used with an awareness of their weaknesses. In this article, we describe heuristics commonly used in clinical decision-making and discuss how failure of heuristics results in cognitive error. We apply research findings on decision-making in medicine to decision-making in psychiatry and suggest directions for training and future research into cognitive error in psychiatry.

scholarly journals Variability of Practice, Information Processing, and Decision Making—How Much Do We Know?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław H. Czyż
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Selection ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
The Many ◽  
Stimulus Identification

Decision-making is a complex action requiring efficient information processing. Specifically, in movement in which performance efficiency depends on reaction time, e.g., open-loop controlled movements, these processes may play a crucial role. Information processing includes three distinct stages, stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming. Mainly, response selection may play a substantial contribution to the reaction time and appropriate decision making. The duration of this stage depends on the number of possible choices an individual has to “screen” to make a proper decision. Given that reaction time is crucial in many sports, the possibilities of reducing it through practice are very tempting. The information processing and its relationship to the manner an individual is practicing are discussed. Especially the variability of practice issues will be explored. In variable practice conditions, an individual has to react to one or more stimuli and has to produce one of the many variations of the same movement or different movements they learned. One has to identify a stimulus appropriately and has to select a response optimally, i.e., choosing from as few choices as possible to reduce the reaction time. On the other hand, in constant practice conditions, an individual can be exposed to one or many stimuli. Still, there is only one variation of the movement that can be executed in the presence of a learned stimulus. Based on the information processing theory and the results of the research focusing on variability of practice, I discuss how the practice conditions may affect reaction time and, as a result, the decision-making process. I conceptually frame the possible implications of practice conditions on decision making related to information processing. In this review, a possible mechanism and relationship between practice conditions and decision-making are presented. Future research directions are presented.

Human Factors Issues in Advanced Moving-map Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Ruffner ◽  
Maura C. Lohrenz ◽  
Michael E. Trenchard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Key Issues

Vector-based maps are an advanced capability of digital moving-map systems that are easily customised and can be powerful aids to aircrew information processing and decision-making. However, they may place excessive demands on an aircrew's information processing requirements, cause an increase in workload, and degrade situational awareness if the user interface is not designed properly. There is little information available about the human factors and situational awareness issues relevant to vector-based maps. In this paper, we summarise relevant research on human factors and situational awareness aspects of using vector-based maps, identify key issues, and recommend directions for future research.

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