scholarly journals Within-Occupation Forms of Positional Labour Market Advantage in Three Skilled Occupations

2021 ◽  
pp. 136078042199940
Author(s):  
Gerbrand Tholen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Software Engineers ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
Over Time

In recent decades, many scholars have accentuated the role of occupations in social stratification and class analysis. Within occupations, workers compete to improve their labour positioning over time and in the process, create unequal outcomes. Advancement to better positions or improved wages can be dependent on many individual factors such as tenure, skills, experience, and effort. Yet, occupations also allow workers to create relative advantage by closing off opportunities to others or seeking otherwise meaningful distinction. This article aims to explain how the occupational context shapes how those within skilled occupations construct the means of relative labour market advantage. It is based on a wider UK case study of laboratory scientists, software engineers, and financial analysts. It shows that within each occupation, there are distinct forms of creating advantage depending on the nature of the occupation such as the educational composition of the incumbents, the situ of skill development, and the level of educational congestion within the occupation.

Modeling the Evaluation Process in a Public Controversy

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Emanuel Dionne ◽  
Chantale Mailhot ◽  
Ann Langley
Keyword(s):  
Media Coverage ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Public Controversy ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Orders Of Worth ◽  
Major Increase ◽  
Over Time

Public controversies have attracted increasing attention in the organization studies literature. They emerge when critical issues are not defined and understood in the same way by different stakeholders, influencing the way they evaluate the worth of other actors, objects, and situations. In this paper, we show how the “orders of worth” perspective of Boltanski and Thévenot may throw light on the evolution of an evaluation process occurring during a public controversy. In particular, we study the Quebec student conflict of 2011 and 2012 that followed a proposed major increase in higher education tuition fees. We conducted an in-depth case study based on media coverage of the actions and discourses of the major actors to examine how objects and actions associated with a controversy are successively defined, redefined, and evaluated over time through a series of tests of worth. Our article contributes to the organizational literature on public controversies by drawing attention to the role of six types of evaluative moves in situations of controversy, and by offering an abductively developed model for understanding the evaluation process as it evolves over time. We suggest that actors, through these evaluative moves, may displace the object of a test, and therefore the foci for evaluation, through actions intended to bolster their positions.

scholarly journals DEFINING AND DESIGN UNDERSTANDING THE VARIOUS REALMS OF HOSPITALITY DISCIPLINE: AN ENVIRONMENTALIST ECO-RESPONSIBLE GOLF RESORT

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Rahul Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Social Implications ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Hospitality Sector ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
Over Time

Purpose of study: The purpose of this conceptual study is to develop a more better understanding of hospitality One of the oldest profession known over time. Methodology: This article is based on a conceptual study of the various definitions and sectors of the hospitality sector. This article also presents the various studies by different researchers and presents how a variety of researchers have classified hospitality in their studies. Main Findings:  This study has provided a new understanding of the hospitality industry and the various sectors associated with it. Social Implications/Applications: This case study is a conceptual study done to define and understand the concept of hospitality in a much better perspective and it can help researchers from varied realms of hospitality to have much valuable insights of this term. Originality: Hospitality has been defined by many researchers in many perspectives. This study has been done with a rigorous literature review then defined the term in a combination which has all aspects related to it. The study has then been supported by a case study of an eco-friendly resort- The Karma Lakelands. This study has been done to understand, explore and extend the basic principles of hospitality and the role of interior designing in it.

Religion and Mobilization in the Syrian Uprising and War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Pearlman
Keyword(s):  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Conflict Settings ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Syrian Conflict ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
Over Time

What role does religion play in mobilization in general, and in mobilization in conflict settings in particular? This chapter explores these questions through a case study of the Syrian uprising and war. Using published sources and original interviews, the author traces the role of religion and sect in Syria’s pre-2011 politics and then in successive stages of the subsequent conflict. She examines the role of religion in the motivations driving protest, the processes generating collective action, the militarization of mobilization, and the transformation of an uprising into war. It is argued that, while religion came to occupy an increasingly prominent place in mobilization over time, its role in the Syrian conflict has been less attributable to religion per se than to the ways religion is entwined with power, privilege, and the dynamics of violence itself. Where religion sometimes appeared significant, such as in the tendency of demonstrations to begin at mosques, the power of religion lay not in piety but in structural constraints. Though religion and sect became increasingly salient as the conflict escalated, this was primarily due to state repression and strategies of divide and conquer, and nothing particular to Islam. Scrutiny of the Syrian experience encourages us to critique assumptions about the distinctiveness of religion in driving protest and conflict in majority-Muslim societies, and instead to examine such mobilization using the same conceptual tools employed in cases of conflict across time and space.

scholarly journals Reproductive Choices in Gibraltar: A Case Study of a Community In Transition, 1960-1996

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Stacie D. A. Burke ◽  
Lawrence A. Sawchuk
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Social Disruption ◽  
Opportunity Structure ◽  
Reproductive Choices ◽  
Transition Points ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
Over Time

Times of social disruption and change unsettle community equilibrium and represent important transition points. This research examines the 15-year border closure between Spain and Gibraltar and its subsequent reopening in 1985 in reshaping the community opportunity structure, particularly women’s employment, education, and housing. The study examines 3284 births which occurred in the community between 1960 and 1996, noting a general rise in premarital conceptions in the community. This research compares life course decisions among marital and premarital conceivers over time, stressing important changes in the community’s ecological setting and the powerful role of political disturbances in structuring those changes.

The Role of Individuals and Social Capital in POSIX Standardization

2011 ◽  
pp. 66-85
Author(s):  
Jim Isaak
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Common Values ◽  
Corporate Influence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

While standards are issued by organizations, individuals do the actual work, with significant collaboration required to agree on a common standard. This article explores the role of individuals in standards setting as well as the way these individuals are connected to one another through trusting networks and common values. This issue is studied in the context of the IEEE POSIX set of standards, for which the author was actively involved for more than 15 years. This case study demonstrates that the goals and influence of individual participants are not just that of their respective employers but may follow the individual through changes of employment. It also highlights changes in the relative importance of individual and corporate influence in UNIX-related standardization over time. Better understanding of the interaction between individuals and organizations in the context of social capital and standardization can provide both a foundation for related research and more productive participation in these types of forums.

Exploring the Role of IS in Dynamic Capabilities

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Duhan ◽  
Margi Levy ◽  
Philip Powell
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Dynamic Capability ◽  
Sustainable Competitive Advantage ◽  
Capability Development ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Systemic View

Resource-based theory suggests that firms develop idiosyncratic capabilities that contribute to sustainable competitive advantage when they are valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable. The successful use of information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) has been linked to improved firm performance. Recent literature suggests that a deeper understanding of what capability means in practice may be gained from a disaggregation into component competences and resources. A better understanding of the role of IS/IT in business level capability may be achieved through a fuller articulation, both of the capability itself, and the contribution of IS/IT, together with an evaluation of the effectiveness in delivering sustainable competitive advantage. A dynamic capabilities perspective explains the way firms adapt capabilities to changing market environments over time. This paper explores these propositions through an exploratory case study using a framework derived from a resource-based and systemic view of the firm. The analysis suggests a dynamic Capability Development Model through which the implications and potential for IS and IT over time may be understood. The paper addresses three issues. First, it offers a better articulation of what capability concepts mean in practice. Second, it takes a disaggregated understanding of capabilities, and third, it sheds light on the dynamics of capabilities.

scholarly journals Becoming Salient: The TMT Leader’s Role in Shaping the Interpretive Context of Paradoxical Tensions

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 403-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Knight ◽  
Sotirios Paroutis
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Top Management Team ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium Model ◽  
Embedded Case Study ◽  
Over Time

How do paradoxical tensions become salient in organizations over time? Ambidexterity and paradox studies have, thus far, primarily focused on how tensions inside organizations are managed after they have been rendered salient for actors. Using a longitudinal, embedded case study of four strategic business units within a media organization, we theorize the role of the top management team leader’s practices in enabling tensions to become salient for their respective lower-level managers when there are initial differences in how tensions are interpreted across levels. Our findings extend a dynamic equilibrium model of organizing by adding interpretive context as an enabling condition that shapes the emergence of salience through the provision of a constellation of cues that guide sensemaking. Informed by a practice-based perspective on paradox, we also contribute a conceptual model of leadership as practice, and outline the implications for ambidexterity studies.

Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel, 1983-1995

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Israeli Population ◽  
Earning Inequality ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.

Concentrating or Sprinkling? Federal Funding for Indigenous, Women’s, and Environmental NGOs in Canada, 1972-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (13) ◽  
pp. 1599-1622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Corrigall-Brown ◽  
Mabel Ho
Keyword(s):  
Federal Funding ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
History Of ◽  
Context Shapes ◽  
Over Time

Governments have a long history of funding nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and their programs. While there is much work describing this funding, there has been little research systematically examining how the political and economic context shapes the level and type of funding NGOs receive. This article examines the factors that predict levels of government funding for NGOs over time, focusing on spending for interest groups in three areas, Indigenous, women, and the environment. We use data collected from the Canadian Public Accounts, which lists all grants to groups by the federal government from 1972 until 2014. We use these data to assess how federal funding has changed over this period, how funding across issue areas is related, and the role of political and economic factors in shaping rising and declining funding over time. We find that the factors that predict funding vary across issue areas. Our analysis also shows government’s tendency to sprinkle funding across a larger number of groups or concentrate it in a smaller number of organizations is strongly related to the party in power and the issue area.

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