Da'wah in the early era of Islam: A review of the Prophet's Da'wah Strategies

The life of Holy Prophet (PBUH) is a beacon of light not only for Muslims but for all of humanity. There is no such aspect of life for which we do not have guidance from the life of Holy Prophet (PBUH). Whether it is personal life or social life. One of these aspects is the Da'wah strategy of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) in Makki era. This article elaborates the Holy Prophet’s (PBUH) strategies adopted for the preaching of the Islam during the Makki era. The basic elements of his missionary strategies such as the way of argumentations, parlance and dialects are made the subject of discussion. It highlights the diverse and distinct communication strategies to make the message of Islam intelligible to the common people even, which include: common values, courtesy, non-violence, intellectual stature of the audience, evolutionary process, the psychological intelligibility of addressee, sense of responsibility and proportionality, capacity to perform missionary activity, intimacy with newly converts, concealment of the faith, migration, and strong assertion of faith. The methodology deployed in construing this discourse is descriptive-cum-analytical.

Axiological Aspect of Legal Consequential Thought of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries

This article is devoted to a comprehensive review of the axiological measurement of legal consequentialism, analysing the ideas of law theorists representing the utilitarian and close to utilitarian branches on the view of values essential for society and state development. The purpose of the article is to identify what value is key for legal consequentialism as a whole, as a theory based on the significance of the result of legal actions, as well as for legal utilitarianism, which necessitates maximising utility. The article focuses on content analysis of key trends in the main legal doctrines of legal consequentialism. In these trends, the authors single out the main concepts, bearing in mind their value for legal science. The conclusion section of the study generalises the categories that appear valuable for legal consequentialism and formulates the common values of legal consequentialism. The authors justify the need for preserving the axiological aspect of rights and freedom of man and citizen, for ensuring the principles of equality and justice, the humanistic basis for legal activity and the unacceptability of rejecting the said values for a utility or other maximisation.

STUDYING A PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE IN LINGUODIDACTIC AND LINGUISTIC ASPECTS

The article focuses on the process of developing scholarly ideas on professional languages in the linguodidactic and linguistic aspects in the middle of the XXth–early XXIst centuries. Some theoretical definitions of the notion “professional language” and its features are systematized and concretized. It is emphasized that today the issues of studying professional languages are characterized by interdisciplinary orientation, covering applied linguistics, functional stylistics, theory of intercultural communication, linguodidactics, etc. It is noted that in the linguodidactical aspect, the professional language is considered as a subject of professionally oriented learning, and from the point of view of linguistic direction, professional language is viewed as a dynamic component of the national language. It is concluded that the professional language as a functional variety of the national language is a historical category with its own specifics, and in terms of its place in the national language, the professional language is considered as: 1) a general language structure of the national language in the status of an autonomous fragment; 2) an integral part of the national language. The term “academic and professional language” is highlighted, refering to the type of the language used by discursive communities or groups of professionals who share common values and use the same genres and terminology for communication.

Utilizing Authenticity: Options for Catholic Education in a Particular Detraditionalized Cultural Context

This paper addresses some conceptual options for Catholic education in a particular cultural context. This context is where the Catholic school system is large, stable, and well established but in the wider cultural context, the place of religion in society is detraditionalized. This detraditionalization is reflected in Catholic school enrolments where increasing numbers of students come from non-Catholic backgrounds, where, amongst Catholics, engagement with traditional structures is low or where there is no religious association at all. To initiate discussion a simple dichotomy is introduced; do Catholic schools promote religious identity or do they address a wider demographic by stressing harmonized common values and policies? To elaborate on this initial position several conceptual perspectives are offered. A key discussion point centres around the human community of Catholic schools and how they align with the various options that are proposed.

Determinants in Project Management and Change Processes in the Operations of an Organisation

The purpose of the article is to present primary conditions in the process of project management in organisations. Ontology, terminology, axiology and epistemology were taken into account in particular. Many elements of the projects which generate improvement of the efficiency of the organisation in the context of a systemic approach, such as common values, organisation goals and change management were also listed. Furthermore, project’s preparation is presented in the paper. Rating in the area of challenges, barriers and trends in project management were highlighted on the basis of answers provided by project managers. Taking into account the results of empirical research, it was assumed that the arithmetic mean of ratings indicates the importance of challenges, barriers and trends for project management in organisations. This article develops previous researches on existing theories of project management and change processes. As a result, it has become reasonable to assume the hypothesis that the project implementation time is determined by the rating of challenges, barriers and trends in project management; higher ratings of challenges and trends and lower rating of barriers lead to shorter project implementation times

COMMON VALUES OF THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND OF THE FIELD OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT

The military organization, due to its fundamental role in defending and maintaining the sovereignty and security of any state in the world, has undergone a natural evolutionary process. In this process man plays the main role. Thus, the continuous transformation to which the military organization was and is still subjected to, being permanently conditioned by the constantly changing threats and challenges, was achieved simultaneously with human evolution, under the impact of all discoveries and technologies developed and implemented by it. In this article, we will analyze two important areas of human activity, military organization and sports, focusing on finding common values for the two areas and generating relevant answers to the question: Is a sports team equivalent to a military structure? Keywords: military organization; physical education and sports; common values; connections.

ADT

Data anonymization is commonly utilized for the protection of an individual's identity when his personal or sensitive data is published. A well-known anonymization model to define the privacy of transactional data is the km-anonymity model. This model ensures that an adversary who knows up to m items of an individual cannot determine which record in the dataset corresponds to the individual with a probability greater than 1/k. However, the existing techniques generally rely on the presence of similarity between items in the dataset tuples to achieve km-anonymization and are not suitable when transactional data contains tuples without many common values. The authors refer to this type of transactional data as diverse transactional data and propose an algorithm, anonymization of diverse transactional data (ADT). ADT is based on slicing and generalization to achieve km-anonymity for diverse transactional data. ADT has been experimentally evaluated on two datasets, and it has been found that ADT yields higher privacy protection and causes a lower loss in data utility as compared to existing methods.

How to reconnect different small worlds: Deconstructing the past that divides, pursuing a future that unites

Violence associated with religion is prevalent globally. Informed by the concept of small world, in which people learn about beliefs and values to judge what information is relevant to them, this study investigates how information sharing helps a religiously polarized society depolarize after a series of violence. Based on 54 interviews and participant observations in Ambon, Indonesia, this study found that, after the violence ended, deconstructing fear of the other religious community conditioned the Ambonese to rethink the relevance of living in the small world. As one community managed to meaningfully interact with the other, opportunities for exchanging views and rebuilding relationships emerged. Re-establishing common values enabled the disparate communities to unite as a society for the sake of their collective future. These findings broadly offer insights as to how to reconcile differences in competing small worlds, especially where religion is an imminent threat to social cohesion.

Terapia Filial: Filial Therapy With Hispanic and Latinx Clients

Filial therapy (FT) has often been stated as an approach that can address the multicultural considerations of a variety of populations, in which parents are given the tools to strengthen their bonds with their child. This article describes counselors using FT as it applies to Hispanic and Latinx clients in the United States. Common cultural considerations are essential to consider when using FT with Hispanic and Latinx clients. The purpose of this article is to inform counselors about common values in the Hispanic and Latinx culture; application of FT with Hispanic and Latinx clients; and ethical, legal, and multicultural considerations when working with these populations.

Nation States and Political Unions

A political union is a distinct form of polity. Unlike the nation-state, it does not require consensus on demos (the people), telos (purpose), ethos (common values) or the locus of sovereignty. At one time it was believed that unions would give way to nation-states in the process of modernization. In recent years, the concept of union has been revived, to refer both to plurinational states and to international bodies like the European Union. Thinking about sovereignty has been revised to encompass shared and divided sovereignty. Union has several dimensions, including political, social and economic, which do not necessarily coincide in space. Managing unions requires distinct forms of statecraft to balance centrifugal and centripetal tendencies.