Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel,                     1983-1995

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.

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Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

Social Indicators Research ◽

10.1007/s11205-021-02745-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Derick R. C. Almeida ◽

João A. S. Andrade ◽

Adelaide Duarte ◽

Marta Simões

Keyword(s):

Human Capital ◽

Labour Market ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Earnings Inequality ◽

Kuznets Curve ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Returns To Schooling ◽

Education Inequality ◽

Using Data

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

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The role of pension contributions in explaining inequalities in depressive symptoms. Results from SHARE

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494820909011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 140349482090901

Author(s):

Hanno Hoven ◽

Nico Dragano ◽

Thorsten Lunau ◽

Christian Deindl ◽

Morten Wahrendorf

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Labour Market ◽

Pension Scheme ◽

Health It ◽

Men And Women ◽

Working Lives ◽

Pension Schemes ◽

Employment Participation ◽

Employment Histories

Aims: Research has established solid evidence that socioeconomic position impacts health. It is, however, still debated to what extent characteristics of entire employment histories are associated with health inequalities later on. This study investigates associations between contributing to pension schemes throughout entire employment histories and depressive symptoms in older men and women. Methods: We use retrospective life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected in 2008–2009 from retired men and women. Data include detailed information on previous employment histories (between age 25 and 60 years) that allows us to measure labour market involvements and pension contributions during past working lives. In addition, we measure elevated depressive symptoms using EURO-D. Results: We observe that employed work without contributing to pension schemes is associated with elevated depressive symptoms for women, even when taking the current household income into consideration. For men (but not for women), self-employed work without pension contributions is linked to elevated depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results indicate that studies linking previous employment participation to health after labour market exit should not only consider whether a person worked, but also whether he or she contributed to a pension scheme. In addition, our study points to interesting gender differences, where pension contributions matter most for women in employed work and for men in self-employed work.

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Quantifying gender distances in education, occupation and employment

Equality Diversity and Inclusion An International Journal ◽

10.1108/edi-11-2016-0106 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 340-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Symeonaki ◽

Celestine Filopoulou

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

European Social Survey ◽

Distance Measures ◽

Southern Europe ◽

Raw Data ◽

Men And Women ◽

Content Type ◽

Vertical Segregation ◽

Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in education, occupation and employment in Southern Europe and more specifically in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The goal is to provide measures that can trace gender differences with respect to their educational and employment features in these countries, explore whether these differences converge over time and compare the patterns observed in each country given their socio-economic similarities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses raw data drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for the decade 2002-2012. It provides a method for quantifying gender differences in education, occupation and employment and their evolution over time based on distance measures. Findings The results reveal that gender distances in education have gradually subsided in these countries. However, occupational choices differ steadily over the years for all countries. The paper provides, therefore, solid evidence that equalizing the level of education between men and women during those years did not result in a decrease in the occupational distances between them. Moreover, based on the latest round the findings suggest that men and women are equally likely to having experienced unemployment within the last five years. Research limitations/implications Further research could be done to include results based on raw data from the seventh round of the ESS. This may provide valuable information for Spain and Portugal who did participate in this round. Social implications This research implies that more needs to be done to accelerate progress in order to achieve gender occupational equality in Southern Europe. Originality/value This paper draws attention to issues concerning gender differences in education, horizontal and vertical segregation and employment for which it provides distance measures and evidence of how they have evolved over time, based on raw data analysis from the ESS.

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Assessing Labour Market Vulnerability among Young People

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v47i3pp.193-213 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 193-213

Author(s):

Theo Sparreboom ◽

Lubna Shahnaz

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Labour Market ◽

Labour Force ◽

Jel Classification ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Road ◽

On The Road ◽

Vulnerability Framework ◽

Made In

Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability. JEL classification: J40, J13 Keyword: Labour Market; Youth; Pakistan

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THEORIES OF ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY, AND ETHNIC IDENTITY

Adam alemi ◽

10.48010/2021.4/1999-5849.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 106-113

Author(s):

D.S. Kaliyev ◽

◽

A. Ventsel ◽

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Identity ◽

Comparative Analysis ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Ethnic Groups ◽

21St Century ◽

Nation Building ◽

Constructive Theory ◽

Constructivist Approaches ◽

Over Time

Ethnicity, nationality, and ethnic identity remain to be unresolved issues that need to be addressed. It is thus important to compare different approaches to understand the nature of ethnic phenomena and to identify appropriate techniques to understand the essence of «nation-building» concept. First, the article discusses the concepts of nation, ethnicity, changes in ethnic identity where the concepts of ethnos and nation are further explained. Second, the nature, dynamics and factors of the processes of ethnic identity are analyzed. Third, the author seeks answers to questions of why some ethnic identities change, while others remain unchanged. Fourth, ethnicity in conflict, the role of «belonging to a certain ethnic group» is considered. Finally, past and present debates of the primordialist and constructivist approaches to nation-building are described. The main methodology of the article is a comparative analysis of the theoretical literature of foreign and domestic research through the lenses of primordialism and constructivism. The paper argues that there is no reason for all ethnic groups to reach the level of a nation, that constructive theory has advantages at the highest level of integration between nations and ethnic groups in the 21st century, and that ethnic identity is adaptable and changeable over time. The results of this work contribute to further studies and scientific works related to the nation-building in Kazakhstan.

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How policies select immigrants: The role of the recognition of foreign qualifications

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v15i4.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 461-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monica Andriescu

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Skilled Immigrants ◽

Similar Role ◽

Employment Trajectories ◽

Highly Skilled ◽

Admission Policies ◽

Romanian Immigrants ◽

The Way

Although immigrants’ settlement and integration into the labour market are subject to a number of regulations, previous research has primarily investigated the role of admission policies in selecting immigrants. There are other policies, however – such as the recognition of foreign qualifications – that fulfil a similar role, although these policies are largely overlooked in the literature. This study explores the way these policies select among wanted and unwanted highly skilled immigrants, subsequently facilitating or hindering their integration into jobs matched to their level and type of qualifications. This article draws on semi-structured interviews with highly skilled Romanian immigrants with various professional qualifications and focuses on their experiences with recognition processes in Germany over the last decade, highlighting the procedures’ effects on individuals’ upward or downward employment trajectories.

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“Why Are There So Many Women in Forensic Anthropology?”

Forensic Anthropology ◽

10.5744/fa.2020.3002 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marin Pilloud ◽

Nicholas Passalacqua

Keyword(s):

Forensic Anthropology ◽

Forensic Sciences ◽

Stem Fields ◽

Leadership Positions ◽

Men And Women ◽

Science Technology ◽

Women Scholars ◽

Gendered Expectations ◽

Over Time

There is broad discussion of the higher numbers of women in the forensic sciences, particularly when compared to other science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. In this discussion, we focus on forensic anthropology. We begin with an historical overview of the role of women in the discipline; data are then provided that outline the numbers of women scholars and practitioners over time. We then explore the different roles of men and women in regard to leadership positions, professional awards, awarded grant-funding, job hiring trends, presentations at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) annual meeting, and publications in the Journal of Forensic Sciences. While the number of women in forensic anthropology is greatly increasing, the discipline has been slow to also grow the visibility of women in positions of leadership or to honor them with prestigious awards. One reason for this finding may be that women are subjected to bias and harassment, which may cause them to leave forensic anthropology at various points along the way, or lead to their contribution being less valued. These findings are discussed within the context of gendered expectations, and suggestions are provided on how to improve the retention of women as well as to diversify the discipline in general.

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Within-Occupation Forms of Positional Labour Market Advantage in Three Skilled Occupations

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.1177/1360780421999404 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136078042199940

Author(s):

Gerbrand Tholen

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Skill Development ◽

Relative Advantage ◽

Individual Factors ◽

Software Engineers ◽

Context Shapes ◽

Over Time

In recent decades, many scholars have accentuated the role of occupations in social stratification and class analysis. Within occupations, workers compete to improve their labour positioning over time and in the process, create unequal outcomes. Advancement to better positions or improved wages can be dependent on many individual factors such as tenure, skills, experience, and effort. Yet, occupations also allow workers to create relative advantage by closing off opportunities to others or seeking otherwise meaningful distinction. This article aims to explain how the occupational context shapes how those within skilled occupations construct the means of relative labour market advantage. It is based on a wider UK case study of laboratory scientists, software engineers, and financial analysts. It shows that within each occupation, there are distinct forms of creating advantage depending on the nature of the occupation such as the educational composition of the incumbents, the situ of skill development, and the level of educational congestion within the occupation.

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The Other Partner: The Changing Role of Good Provider for Men’s Union Formation in Industrialized Countries

Canadian Studies in Population ◽

10.25336/p6789b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 25 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Frances Goldscheider ◽

Dennis Hogan ◽

Pierre Turcotte

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Union Formation ◽

Industrialized Countries ◽

Men And Women ◽

Retrospective Survey ◽

Women And Children ◽

Changing Role ◽

Different Levels ◽

Over Time

Most studies of union formation behaviors have focused on women and children, with less emphasis on men. Using comparable retrospective survey data, this study looks at the ways Canadian, Italian and Swedish men begin conjugal life (distinguishing between marriage and cohabitation) and at how the effects of their good provider status qualifications have changed in the last 30 years. Results for Canadian men have shown that the simple patterns that have been assumed to shape separate and symmetrical roles for men and women are taking new shapes with the growth in cohabitation and changes in women's economic roles. Our study will extend these results to examine two countries at very different levels of cohabitation prevalence: Italy, where the growth in cohabitation has just begun, and Sweden, where it has been underway much longer than in Canada. Our results show strongly parallel changes underway in each country, indicating that it is important to continue to compare, both between countries and over time, if we are to understand the situations fostering (or not) changing gender roles for men as good providers.

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