State failure, genocide and politicide reconsidered

2021 ◽  
pp. 136914812110446
Author(s):  
Gary Uzonyi
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
State Failure ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Lower Likelihood

State failure is highly threatening to incumbent elites, providing them motive to engage in genocide or politicide. The destruction of formal institutions may also remove political barriers to employing such atrocities. Thus, previous scholars expect state failure to increase the likelihood of genocide and politicide. However, such logic overlooks that these atrocities are government policy, which require planning and implementation. Since government institutions collapse during state failure, regime elites will possess little physical ability to commit widespread and systematic killing of their enemies. Therefore, I expect state failure to be associated with a lower likelihood of genocide and politicide. Using bivariate probit regression to handle the endogeneity between state failure and these atrocities, I find strong support for my argument in all country-years since 1946.

scholarly journals Strategic Innovation, Knowledge Sharing and Policy Innovation Factors In E-Government in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-123
Author(s):  
Lupilya Emmanuel Constantine ◽  
Park J Hun
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Think Tank ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Strategic Innovation ◽  
Research Alliance ◽  
Innovation Knowledge

The existing gap from strategic innovation in e-government knowledge creation has affected the effort to timely develop e-government policy in Tanzania. This paper is an attempt to describe multiple innovations outside the Tanzania that involve developing country collaboration, institutional innovation and resources and their linkages to national e-government-think tank. The central argument of this paper is to find factors for enhancing the development of national e-government policy innovation outside Tanzania. We developed national e-government policy framework to orchestrate local innovation and forge ahead of the e-government policy innovation. To do so, we developed and administered a set of the questionnaire from government and private institutions, entrepreneurship and social network group. Data collections were conducted from July 15 to September 20, 2015. The exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 22 was employed to analyze data for strategic innovation, knowledge sharing, and e-government policy innovation. Four critical factors were identified as the key driver to the success of national e-government policy innovation: Coordinate knowledge sharing on e-government policies in the nation and international institutions; empower and coordinate e-government-think tank forum locally and nationally; create a technoculture society at local and national level; and Support e-government research alliance & engagement respectively. In additional, three developing countries were used as a reference model to support these findings. Our conclusion shows how national e-government-think tank and research alliance can become a strategic innovation in e-government towards coordinating knowledge sharing within private and government institutions. This can represent as "valuable and intellectual assets" for government institutions' stability and change towards national e-government policy innovation process.

Whether analogue countries exhibit similar women entrepreneurial activities?

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 759-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danish Junaid ◽  
Zheng He ◽  
Amit Yadav ◽  
Lydia Asare-Kyire
Keyword(s):  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Entry ◽  
Normative Dimension ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Gem Data

Purpose While there are many studies on the impacts of formal institutions such as government financial supporting and tax preferential policies on women entrepreneurial entry, few attempted to explore how informal institutions causes cross-country differences in women entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether countries (Pakistan and Malaysia) with similar religious belief, political system and government policies exhibits similar level of women entrepreneurial activity from an informal institutional perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study used Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) data for the years 2010–2012 and employed probit regression analysis to examine the impacts of cultural-cognitive and social-normative institutions on women entrepreneurial activity. Findings The findings reveal profound differences of women’s entrepreneurial activities between Pakistan and Malaysia. While cultural-cognitive dimension shows substantial impact for both nations, social-normative dimension explains the main differences in women’s entrepreneurial activity. Practical implications This study proposes that policymakers may craft policies to enhance women skills, knowledge and networking as well as positive societal attitudes to foster women entrepreneurial activities. Originality/value This study shows that countries with the same religion and similar formal institutions can also exhibit different level of women entrepreneurial activity. In Pakistan, the negative societal attitudes in the form of deep rooted traditional beliefs as well as misinterpreted religious concepts for women role create formidable challenges and inhibit business opportunities for them. By contrast, favorable social perception and societal attitudes in Malaysia encourage women to pursue their entrepreneurial activities.

Institutions as Signals: How Dictators Consolidate Power in Times of Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Joan C. Timoneda
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Information Propagation ◽  
Formal Institutions

Formal institutions in dictatorship are known to improve authoritarian governance and promote power-sharing. Yet institutions also act as tools of information propagation and can be used by autocrats for signaling purposes. In this article, I argue that in times of weakness, dictators follow an expand-and-signal strategy, expanding the ruling coalition to decrease the relative power of coup plotters and then create visible formal institutions to signal strong support. Doing so decreases (1) the probability that a coup is launched and (2) that one succeeds if staged. I propose a formal model to unpack the mechanisms of my argument and use the case of the Dominican Republic during Rafael Trujillo's rule to illustrate my theory.

Home Country Institutions Behind Cross-Border Acquisition Performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1315-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong (Susan) Zhu ◽  
Xufei Ma ◽  
Steve Sauerwald ◽  
Mike W. Peng
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Property Rights Protection ◽  
Postacquisition Performance ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

How do home country institutions influence cross-border postacquisition performance? We develop an institutional framework showing that informal and formal institutions not only have important individual effects but also work together in complex and interesting ways. While collectivism and humane orientation (two major informal institutions) can facilitate postacquisition integration and firm performance, shareholder orientation and property rights protection (two formal institutions) constrain postacquisition integration and firm performance. As acquirers are simultaneously embedded in their home countries’ informal and formal institutions, we further hypothesize that the positive effects of collectivism and humane orientation can be weakened by incompatible formal institutions that hamper postacquisition collaborative efforts. We find strong support for our hypotheses in a multilevel analysis of a sample of 12,021 cross-border acquisitions involving 43 home and target countries between 1995 and 2003.

scholarly journals Evaluating competing theories of informal sector entrepreneurship

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin C Williams ◽  
Abbi Kedir
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Shared Beliefs ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
World Bank Enterprise Survey ◽  
Enterprise Survey

To advance understanding of the reasons for informal sector entrepreneurship, this article evaluates the determinants of cross-country variations in the extent to which enterprises are unregistered when they start operating. Reporting the World Bank Enterprise Survey data on 67,515 enterprises across 142 countries, the finding is that one in five (19.9%) of the formal enterprises surveyed started-up unregistered, although this varies from all enterprises surveyed in some countries (e.g. Pakistan) to 1% of surveyed enterprises in Slovakia. To explain these cross-country variations, four competing theories are evaluated which variously assert that nonregistration is determined by either: economic under-development and poorer quality governance (modernization theory); too much state interference (neoliberal theory); too little state intervention (political economy theory); or an incongruence between the laws and rules of formal institutions and the beliefs, values, and norms of informal institutions (institutional theory). A multilevel probit regression analysis confirms the modernization, political economy, and institutional theories but not neoliberal theory. Beyond economic under-development, therefore, nonregistration is associated with too little state intervention and the rules of formal institutions being incongruent with the socially shared beliefs of entrepreneurs. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.

E-Government Policy Implementation in Thailand

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-275
Author(s):  
Mergen Dyussenov ◽  
Lia Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Ict Policy

This chapter investigates the current e-government and ICT policy in Thailand from an actor-centered perspective. It reviews existing literature on e-government implementation, while looking into the interaction of government institutions and citizens. It seeks to answer questions, such as the following: What are the key actors in driving the implementation of e-government policies in Thailand? How do Thai citizens perceive e-government efforts and ICT policy implementation especially in the context of present military government power? What are some of the risk factors typically embedded in e-government initiatives and policies implemented in Thailand? Some scholars specifically emphasize the key role of central government institutions in driving the e-government and ICT policy implementation pointing at its readiness to transform toward E-Government 4.0. These observations notwithstanding, issues related to the often-omitted crucial role of citizens and local customers in driving policy implementation and the problem of digital divide remain across much of the developing world.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN REGRESI PROBIT BIVARIAT UNTUK MENDUGA FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI KELULUSAN MAHASISWA (Studi Kasus: Mahasiswa Fakultas MIPA Unversitas Udayana)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
NI GUSTI KETUT TRISNA PRADNYANTARI ◽  
I KOMANG GDE SUKARSA ◽  
NI LUH PUTU SUCIPTAWATI
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Response Variable ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Response Variables

The aim of this research to estimate the factors that affect students graduation using bivariate probit regression. Bivariate probit regression is a statistical method that involves two response variables which are qualitative and the independent variables are qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both. In bivariate probit regression model, the result obtained is the probability of the response variable. The result of this research are the factors that affect significantly for students graduation based on study period are majors, sex, and duration of the thesis, while the factors that significantly for students graduation based on GPA are the entry system, duration of the thesis and the number of parents’ dependents.

scholarly journals Innovation cognizance and acceptance: The case of electric vehicles adoption in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Ranjita Singh ◽  
Philip Walsh ◽  
Joshua Goodfield
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Regression Modelling ◽  
Intent To Purchase

This study examines the results of a survey of 1,000 Canadian internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle owners to assess factors that would encourage them to purchase an electric vehicle (EV). Further to the work of Peters and Dutschke (2014) and (Matthews et al. (2017) we combine the various drivers of EV adoption, independently identified in the literature, into one model in order to investigate their influence on the intent to purchase an EV. Through correlations and a series of probit regression modelling, we provide evidence to support additional policies that could establish greater relative advantages for owning an EV. These include the promotion of the communication of those advantages through experiential awareness initiatives such as improved access to EV test drives and consumer information. We suggest that car dealerships are important partners in this journey and their association is critical for greater diffusion of EVs in the market. Our findings have implications for EV manufacturers and government policy makers.

scholarly journals Synchronized Agricultural Credit and Diversification Adoption to Catastrophic Risk Manage for Wheat Production in Punjab, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilshad Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Bivariate Probit ◽  
Risk Management Strategy ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Catastrophic Risk ◽  
Risk Management Strategies

Abstract Catastrophic risks caused severe affects on agricultural production particularly in developing countries due to consecutive occurrence of unfavorable climate events. Farmers adopt risk management strategies to minimize marketing, production and financial risks in agriculture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential association and implementing synchronized agricultural credit and diversification adoption to catastrophic risk manage for wheat production in Punjab, Pakistan. This study used stratified random sampling technique for collecting data of 480 wheat farmers’ respondents from production based categorized six districts of Punjab Pakistan. Multinomial and bivariate probit regression models were used in the study to examine the effects of farm and social feathers, disastrous risks farmers view and their attitude to sources of risk moreover potential relationship in agricultural credit and diversification as risk management strategy. Estimates of the study indicated the association in risk management strategies adoption while adopting single risk management strategy motivates farmers to adopt another strategy at same time. Furthermore, findings also indicated as farmer schooling, age, family return, ownership of land, farm size and farmer risk oppose character were highlighted the most influenced features for adopting various risk management strategies. Policy makers and state based authorities can be assisted by the accumulated information of multinomial and bivariate probit regression models in evaluating plans of risk management and willingness of farmer in accept government supported risk managing strategies in incidence of traditional practices for managing farmhouse risk.

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