Therapeutic Effect of Vitamin D3 in a Rat Diffuse Axonal Injury Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
UA Malcok ◽  
G Sengul ◽  
HH Kadioglu ◽  
IH Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Impact Acceleration

We investigated the therapeutic effect of vitamin D3 in a rat diffuse axonal injury model. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 175 − 200 g were anaesthetized and subjected to head trauma using Marmarou's impact-acceleration model. The rats were then separated into two groups; one group was treated with vitamin D3 and the other with saline for up to 4 days after the head trauma. Rats from both groups were killed 1, 3 or 8 days post-injury. The brains were examined histopathologically and scored according to the level of neuronal, vascular and axonal damage. There were no significant differences between the groups after 1 or 3 days, but evaluation after 8 days revealed a significant improvement in the group treated with vitamin D3. Our data indicate that vitamin D3 has a beneficial effect in diffuse axonal injury and may be useful in the management of this condition.

scholarly journals A Conceptual Overview of Axonopathy in Infants and Children with Allegedly Inflicted Head Trauma

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-621
Author(s):  
Vivian S. Snyder ◽  
Lawrence A. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Forensic Pathology ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Medical Disciplines

Fatal, allegedly inflicted pediatric head trauma remains a controversial topic in forensic pathology. Recommendations for systematic neuropathologic evaluation of the brains of supposedly injured infants and children usually include the assessment of long white matter tracts in search of axonopathy — specifically, diffuse axonal injury. The ability to recognize, document, and interpret injuries to axons has significant academic and medicolegal implications. For example, more than two decades of inconsistent nosology have resulted in confusion about the definition of diffuse axonal injury between various medical disciplines including radiology, neurosurgery, pediatrics, neuropathology, and forensic pathology. Furthermore, in the pediatric setting, acceptance that “pure” shaking can cause axonal shearing in infants and young children is not widespread. Additionally, controversy abounds whether or not axonal trauma can be identified within regions of white matter ischemia — a debate with very significant implications. Immunohistochemistry is often used not only to document axonal injury, but also to estimate the time since injury. As a result, the estimated post-injury interval may then be used by law enforcement officers and prosecutors to narrow “exclusive opportunity” and thus, identify potential suspects. Fundamental to these highly complicated and controversial topics is a philosophical understanding of the diffuse axonal injury spectrum disorders.

Diffuse Axonal Injury in Infants With Nonaccidental Craniocerebral Trauma

1999 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Gleckman ◽  
Michael D. Bell ◽  
Richard J. Evans ◽  
Thomas W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Craniocerebral Trauma ◽  
Shaken Baby Syndrome ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Blunt Head Trauma ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin ◽  
Axonal Swellings

Abstract Objective.—Accurate identification of diffuse axonal injury is important in the forensic investigation of infants who have died from traumatic brain injury. β-Amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) immunohistochemical staining is highly sensitive in identifying diffuse axonal injury. However, the effectiveness of this method in brain-injured infants has not been well established. The present study was undertaken to assess the utility of β-APP immunohistochemistry in detecting diffuse axonal injury in infants with either shaken baby syndrome or blunt head trauma. Materials and Methods.—Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks from infants (<1 year old) with shaken baby syndrome (7 cases) and blunt head trauma (3) and blocks from 7 control cases that included nontraumatic cerebral edema (1), acute hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (1), and normal brain (5) were immunostained for β-APP. A semiquantitative assessment of the severity of axonal staining was made. Corresponding hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections were examined for the presence of axonal swellings. Results.—Immunostaining for β-APP identified diffuse axonal injury in 5 of 7 infants with shaken baby syndrome and 2 of 3 infants with blunt head trauma. Immunoreactive axons were easily identified and were present in the majority of the sections examined. By contrast, hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed axonal swellings in only 3 of 7 infants with shaken baby syndrome and 1 of 3 infants with blunt head trauma. Most of these sections had few if any visible axonal swellings, which were often overlooked on initial review of the slides. No β-APP immunoreactivity was observed in any of the 7 control cases. Conclusions.—Immunostaining for β-APP can easily and reliably identify diffuse axonal injury in infants younger than 1 year and is considerably more sensitive than routine hematoxylin-eosin staining. We recommend its use in the forensic evaluation of infants with fatal craniocerebral trauma.

scholarly journals Effect of Nigella sativa against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnah M.A. Alsuhaibani
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Renal Toxicity ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Nigella Sativa Oil ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Nigella Sativa Seed

In this study, the gross composition and mineral content of Nigella sativa seed powder (NSP) and fatty acid composition of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) were investigated. The ability of NSP, extract (NSE) and NSO in reducing the effects of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats were examined. The obtained results showed that NSP contains high amounts of carbohydrates, protein, and fiber while NSO has higher amounts of linoleicacid, oleic acid, and myristic acid. Rats treated with NSP, NSO, and NSE exhibitedreducedserum levels of urea, creatinine, and potassium, and a significant increase of Na, Na/K, vitamin D, nutritional markers, and antioxidant enzymes compared to the cisplatin-induced renal toxicity group receiving no Nigella sativa seed treatment. This study determined that all powder, oil, and extracts of N. sativa contain potent bioactive components that may aid in treatment against cisplatininduced renal toxicity in rats.

scholarly journals Ameliorative Potential of Riboceine, Vitamin D and Calcium on Amodaiquine‐Induced Reproductive Dysfunctions in Female Sprague‐Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
SUNDAY OLUWADUROTIMI MOBOLAJI-JOBI ◽  
Ini-ibehe Essien OKOKO ◽  
Leke Jacob MEDUBI ◽  
Abayomi Olugbenga OKANLAWON
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

scholarly journals A new model of chronic peripheral nerve compression for basic research and pharmaceutical drug testing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Degrugillier ◽  
Katharina M Prautsch ◽  
Dirk J Schaefer ◽  
Raphael Guzman ◽  
Stefan Schären ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Drug Testing ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Nerve Compression ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Motor Outcomes

Aim: To develop a consistent model to standardize research in the field of chronic peripheral nerve neuropathy. Methods: The left sciatic nerve of 8-week-old Sprague–Dawley rats was compressed using a customized instrument leaving a defined post injury nerve lumen (400 μm, 250 μm, 100 μm, 0 μm) for 6 weeks. Sensory and motor outcomes were measured weekly, and histomorphology and electrophysiology after 6 weeks. Results: The findings demonstrated compression depth-dependent sensory and motor pathologies. Quantitative measurements revealed a significant myelin degeneration, axon irregularities and muscle atrophy. At the functional level, we highlighted the dynamics of the different injury profiles. Conclusion: Our novel model of chronic peripheral nerve compression is a useful tool for research on pathophysiology and new therapeutic approaches.

Diffuse Axonal Injury and Degradation in Mechanical Characteristics of Brain White Matter

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabi Abolfathi ◽  
Abhai Naik ◽  
Mahdi Sotudeh ◽  
Ghodrat Karami ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Fibrous Composite ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
Injured Brain

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) can happen due to sudden motions of head and is one of the major causes of fatality and severe disabilities. To study DAI, any change in material characteristics of brain tissue post injury needs to be well understood. In this study, the focus will be on changes in the viscoelastic material properties of white mater in the brain due to DAI resulting in axonal disconnections. Using a micromechanics fibrous composite modeling for white mater, we have developed an algorithm to analyze the effect of discontinuity due to breakage of axons inside the surrounded matrix. Repeated unit cell (RUC) was assumed to represent the axonal distribution within the extracellular matrix. Relaxation test were conducted for characterization of the viscoelastic behavior. The result of this study provides a modeling technique for characterization of injured brain tissue in white mater and proposes necessity of including the appropriate post injury axonal mechanical properties. These findings can improve the understanding of injury from mechanical perspective and help in predicting vulnerability of any such injured tissue against further injuries.

281 Predicting neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. A42.1-A42
Author(s):  
Graham Neil SN ◽  
Jolly Amy E ◽  
Bourke Niall J ◽  
Scott Gregory ◽  
Cole James H ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
Jacobian Determinant ◽  
Post Injury

BackgroundDementia rates are elevated after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and a subgroup develops chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Post-traumatic neurodegeneration can be measured by brain atrophy rates derived from neuroimaging, but it is unclear how atrophy relates to the initial pattern of injury.ObjectivesTo investigate the relationship between baseline TBI patterns and subsequent neurodegeneration measured by progressive brain atrophy.Methods55 patients after moderate-severe TBI (mean 3 years post-injury) and 20 controls underwent longitudinal MRI. Brain atrophy was quantified using the Jacobian determinant defined from volumetric T1 scans approximately one year apart. Diffuse axonal injury was measured using diffusion tensor imaging and focal injuries defined from T1 and FLAIR. Neuropsychological assessment was performed.ResultsAbnormal progressive brain atrophy was seen after TBI (~1.8%/year in white matter). This was accompanied by widespread reductions in fractional anisotropy, in keeping with the presence of diffuse axonal injury. There was a strong negative correlation between FA and brain atrophy, whereby areas of greater white matter damage showed greater atrophy over time.ConclusionsThe results show a strong relationship between the location of diffuse axonal injury and subsequent neurodegeneration. This suggests that TBI triggers progressive neurodegeneration through the long-lasting effects of diffuse axonal injury.

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