To live (code) or to not: A new method for coding in qualitative research

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uma D Parameswaran ◽  
Jade L Ozawa-Kirk ◽  
Gwen Latendresse
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
The Voice

Coding is an integral part of qualitative research for many scholars that use interview or focus group data. However, current practices in coding require transcription of audio/visual data prior to coding. Transcription before the coding process is an essential process for data analysis and even with meticulous detail, the nuances of nonverbal behavior found in audio and video data can be missed. In this article, we propose an alternative to coding with transcripts using a method called live coding which allows for simultaneous manual coding while listening or watching audio or video recording. We compared the method of live coding with transcript coding of text using focus group data from a perinatal telehealth group addressing depression. Based on the themes that emerged from analyzing the process, it is likely that live coding can be beneficial in preserving the voice of the participant especially used within focus group data. Live coding allowed us to see and hear the participants, an empowering process which allowed intent, context, and meaning of the words to be present in the results. Further study of live coding should include using digital tools for the analysis of qualitative data.

scholarly journals Focus Group Data Saturation: A New Approach to Data Analysis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hancock ◽  
Linda Amankwaa ◽  
Maria Revell ◽  
Dale Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Research Question ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Data Saturation ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Reported Data

The qualitative research “gold standard” for quality research is data saturation. The limited literature on reporting data saturation and transparency in qualitative research has supported an inconsistent research standard suggesting researchers have not adequately reported data saturation to promote transparency (O’Reilly & Parker, 2012). Confusion regarding how to analyze qualitative data to achieve data saturation, how to write clear qualitative research findings, and present these findings in a usable manner continues (Sandelowski & Leeman, 2012). A phenomenological asynchronous online focus group using WordPress® was employed to answer the research question. Based on the current literature on the topic of focus group data saturation, the study findings were analyzed by group, individual, and day of the study. Additionally, the data was presented in a chart format providing a visible approach to data analysis and saturation. Employing three different methods of data analysis to confirm saturation and transparency provides qualitative researchers with different approaches to data analysis for saturation and enhancement of trustworthiness. Placing data in a visual configuration provides an alternative method of presenting research findings. The data analysis methods presented are not meant to replace existing methods of achieving data saturation but to provide an alternate approach to achieving data saturation and reporting the findings in a clear, usable format.

scholarly journals Focus Group Data and Qualitative Analysis Programs: Coding the Moving Picture as Well as the Snapshots

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Catterall ◽  
P. Maclaran
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Process Elements

Most qualitative data analysis programs include a code and retrieve function. We argue that on-screen coding and the retrieval of coded segments, or snapshots, can result in researchers missing important process elements in focus group data, the moving picture. We review the literature on the analysis of focus group data and conclude that the focus group is not simply a data gathering technique where data collected are analyzed for their specific content such as all text relating to a particular theme. Important and potentially insightful communication and learning processes occur in focus groups as a result of participant interaction. These processes in the data can only be identified by several readings of the whole transcript and tracing an individual's text in the context of other participants’ text; this is difficult to effect on-screen. Thus, we recommend that transcripts are coded on-screen for content and off-screen for process.

User-centered Requirements for Patient Fluid Intake Monitoring Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 736-740
Author(s):  
Ellen J. Bass ◽  
Andrew J. Abbate ◽  
Yaman Noaiseh ◽  
Rose Ann DiMaria-Ghalili
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Fluid Consumption ◽  
Registered Dietitians ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data

There is a need to support patients with monitoring liquid intake. This work addresses development of requirements for real-time and historical displays and reports with respect to fluid consumption as well as alerts based on critical clinical thresholds. We conducted focus groups with registered nurses and registered dietitians in order to identify the information needs and alerting criteria to support fluid consumption measurement. This paper presents results of the focus group data analysis and the related requirements resulting from the analysis.

scholarly journals Why deservingness theory needs qualitative research: Comparing focus group discussions on social welfare in three welfare regimes

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tijs Laenen ◽  
Federica Rossetti ◽  
Wim van Oorschot
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Financial Need ◽  
Normative Criteria

This article argues that the ever-growing research field of welfare deservingness is in need of qualitative research. Using focus group data collected in Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, we show that citizens discussing matters of social welfare make explicit reference not only to the deservingness criteria of control, reciprocity, and need but also to a number of context-related criteria extending beyond the deservingness framework (e.g. equality/universalism). Furthermore, our findings suggest the existence of an institutional logic to welfare preferences, as the focus group participants to a large extent echoed the normative criteria that are most strongly embedded in the institutional structure of their country’s welfare regime. Whereas financial need is the guiding criterion in the “liberal” United Kingdom, reciprocity is dominant in “corporatist-conservative” Germany. In “social-democratic” Denmark, it appears impossible to single out one dominant normative criterion. Instead, the Danish participants seem torn between the criteria of need, reciprocity, and equality/universalism.

Improving outcomes with Qualitative Data Analysis Software: A reflective journey

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin G Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis ◽  
Social Work Research ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis Software

Now more than ever, qualitative social work researchers are being called upon to conduct increasingly complex, multifaceted, and intersectional research. Given the heightened complexity of social work research, it is necessary that scholars learn strategies to streamline the research process and digital tools for qualitative research are a mechanism to do so. In this paper, I share insights gleaned from personal experience working with Qualitative Data Analysis Software, specifically MAXQDA 12, to support a larger study that explored the social lives of older gay men. This paper highlights the various functions of MAXQDA 12 and how qualitative social work researchers can use the program to improve the research process and outcomes. Despite the rapid growth in production of digital tools for qualitative research there remains a dearth in studies that explicitly address how digital tools are used in the extant literature on qualitative research. This paper sheds light on this noted gap in the literature by exploring the functionality of MAXQDA 12 and how it can be applied to improve qualitative social work research.

scholarly journals Rethinking higher education for Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-356
Author(s):  
Kathleen Fincham
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Youth ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Critical Investigation

Within the Middle East and North Africa region, more than 5,600,000 Syrian refugees are currently registered with the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) as seen here https://www.unhcr.org/. Amongst university-aged refugees, only a small fraction (Jordan – 8%, Lebanon – 6%, Turkey – 1%) are currently enrolled in higher education. This paper, based on empirical qualitative research with Syrian refugee youth, is a critical investigation into their access to, and experiences with, higher education opportunities provided for them by local and international partners. Using interview and focus group data, the paper examines the availability, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability of higher education opportunities currently on offer for Syrian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. The paper argues that while access to higher education is increasing for refugees within the Syrian context, accessibility, acceptability and adaptability of these opportunities to the needs of refugees remains problematic. In this way, higher education often falls short of enabling refugees to live lives that they have reason to value.

scholarly journals Focus-group interview and data analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Rabiee
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Qualitative Data Analysis ◽  
Health Development ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Focus Group Data ◽  
Group Interviews

In recent years focus-group interviews, as a means of qualitative data collection, have gained popularity amongst professionals within the health and social care arena. Despite this popularity, analysing qualitative data, particularly focus-group interviews, poses a challenge to most practitioner researchers. The present paper responds to the needs expressed by public health nutritionists, community dietitians and health development specialists following two training sessions organised collaboratively by the Health Development Agency, the Nutrition Society and the British Dietetic Association in 2003. The focus of the present paper is on the concepts and application of framework analysis, especially the use of Krueger's framework. It provides some practical steps for the analysis of individual data, as well as focus-group data using examples from the author's own research, in such a way as to assist the newcomer to qualitative research to engage with the methodology. Thus, it complements the papers by Draper (2004) and Fade (2004) that discuss in detail the complementary role of qualitative data in researching human behaviours, feelings and attitudes. Draper (2004) has provided theoretical and philosophical bases for qualitative data analysis. Fade (2004) has described interpretative phenomenology analysis as a method of analysing individual interview data. The present paper, using framework analysis concentrating on focus-group interviews, provides another approach to qualitative data analysis.

Needed Methodological Emancipation: Qualitative Coding and the Institutionalization of the Master’s Voice

2021 ◽  
pp. 107780042110218
Author(s):  
Radhika Viruru ◽  
Ambyr Rios
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Discourse Community ◽  
Fake News ◽  
The World ◽  
The Voice

While qualitative research has been among the more open of academic disciplines, processes for analyzing qualitative data have remained dogmatic. Most qualitative data are “coded” by breaking it into pieces of information that stand alone or through contextualizing it as researchers see fit. Data analysis thus remains a process of deconstructing participant voices and reconstructing stories through sound bites, creating an acceptable form of “fake news” to obtain a seat at the research high table. This continues established traditions of denying “subalterns,” already less agentive in higher education spheres, the ability to speak as the voice of the participant is subjugated to the discourse community of the master. In this paper, we demonstrate how protocols for analyzing qualitative data represent the master’s voice as they draw from Euro-Western ways of knowing the world. Possibilities that foreground indigenous and critical epistemologies are presented as alternatives.

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