The Effects of Certain Gimbal Orders and Workloads on Target Acquisition

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Price
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Target Task ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
Spare Time ◽  
Word Task ◽  
Heavy Workload ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Imaging Sensors ◽  
Operator Workload

If air-to-ground imaging sensors are mounted to aircraft by different gimbal order systems, the scenery at the displays will rotate differently, even though the flight paths are identical. Eighteen experienced pilots were tested to investigate the effects such scene motions might have on target detection, recognition, and identification performance, and also on operator workload. The Martin Marietta 600:1 scale terrain model was used to provide the imagery of three gimbal orders: roll-pitch, yaw-pitch, and pitch-yaw. Target runs simulated started at 20k ft. slant range, and maintained a 4k ft. altitude, and 2500 or 5000 feet offset. They were 30-second runs at a speed of 350 knots. The pitch-yaw gimbal order was associated with the greatest range-to-target scores and the lightest workloads. Also, the workload measured for each gimbal order and the workload measured for a word task from the Montana Meaningfulness Scale were added together for each subject. The sum was the estimated workload for that subject for the combined tasks, which were presented on two monitors. The six subjects with the heaviest workload estimates and the six with the lightest were compared on range-to-target scores. The heavy workload group demonstrated a trend effect for improved performance compared to the light workload group, p < .01. However, significant degraded performance occurred when the results of all subjects for this words and target task were compared with similar trials in which the second display was monitored during the observer's spare time only.

The Effects of Certain Gimbal Orders on Target Acquisition and Workload

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Price
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Imaging Sensors ◽  
Operator Workload

If air-to-ground imaging sensors are mounted to aircraft by different gimbal order systems, the displayed scene will rotate differently, even though the flight paths are identical. Eighteen experienced pilots were tested to investigate the effects of three gimbal orders (roll-pitch, yaw-pitch, and pitch-yaw) on target detection, recognition, and identification performance, and also on operator workload. The pitch-yaw gimbal order was associated with the greatest range-to-target scores and the lightest workloads.

scholarly journals Improved Performance of Trash Detection and Human Target Detection Systems using Robot Operating System (ROS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisron Kisron ◽  
Bima Sena Bayu Dewantara ◽  
Hary Oktavianto
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Cascade Algorithm ◽  
Histogram Of Oriented Gradient ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Improved Accuracy

In a visual-based real detection system using computer vision, the most important thing that must be considered is the computation time. In general, a detection system has a heavy algorithm that puts a strain on the performance of a computer system, especially if the computer has to handle two or more different detection processes. This paper presents an effort to improve the performance of the trash detection system and the target partner detection system of a trash bin robot with social interaction capabilities. The trash detection system uses a combination of the Haar Cascade algorithm, Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) and Gray-Level Coocurrence Matrix (GLCM). Meanwhile, the target partner detection system uses a combination of Depth and Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) algorithms. Robotic Operating System (ROS) is used to make each system in separate modules which aim to utilize all available computer system resources while reducing computation time. As a result, the performance obtained by using the ROS platform is a trash detection system capable of running at a speed of 7.003 fps. Meanwhile, the human target detection system is capable of running at a speed of 8,515 fps. In line with the increase in fps, the accuracy also increases to 77%, precision increases to 87,80%, recall increases to 82,75%, and F1-score increases to 85,20% in trash detection, and the human target detection system has also improved accuracy to 81%, %, precision increases to 91,46%, recall increases to 86,20%, and F1-score increases to 88,42%.

Target Detection and Identification Performance Using an Automatic Target Detection System

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Reiner ◽  
Justin G. Hollands ◽  
Greg A. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Decision Criterion ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Automatic Target Detection ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environment ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Scene Illumination ◽  
Night Illumination

Objective: We investigated the effects of automatic target detection (ATD) on the detection and identification performance of soldiers. Background: Prior studies have shown that highlighting targets can aid their detection. We provided soldiers with ATD that was more likely to detect one target identity than another, potentially acting as an implicit identification aid. Method: Twenty-eight soldiers detected and identified simulated human targets in an immersive virtual environment with and without ATD. Task difficulty was manipulated by varying scene illumination (day, night). The ATD identification bias was also manipulated (hostile bias, no bias, and friendly bias). We used signal detection measures to treat the identification results. Results: ATD presence improved detection performance, especially under high task difficulty (night illumination). Identification sensitivity was greater for cued than uncued targets. The identification decision criterion for cued targets varied with the ATD identification bias but showed a “sluggish beta” effect. Conclusion: ATD helps soldiers detect and identify targets. The effects of biased ATD on identification should be considered with respect to the operational context. Application: Less-than-perfectly-reliable ATD is a useful detection aid for dismounted soldiers. Disclosure of known ATD identification bias to the operator may aid the identification process.

scholarly journals Mixed-initiative Variable Autonomy for Remotely Operated Mobile Robots

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Manolis Chiou ◽  
Nick Hawes ◽  
Rustam Stolkin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Test Arena ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Real Robot ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Mixed Initiative ◽  
Operator Workload ◽  
Different Levels

This article presents an Expert-guided Mixed-initiative Control Switcher (EMICS) for remotely operated mobile robots. The EMICS enables switching between different levels of autonomy during task execution initiated by either the human operator and/or the EMICS. The EMICS is evaluated in two disaster-response-inspired experiments, one with a simulated robot and test arena, and one with a real robot in a realistic environment. Analyses from the two experiments provide evidence that: (a) Human-Initiative (HI) systems outperform systems with single modes of operation, such as pure teleoperation, in navigation tasks; (b) in the context of the simulated robot experiment, Mixed-initiative (MI) systems provide improved performance in navigation tasks, improved operator performance in cognitive demanding secondary tasks, and improved operator workload compared to HI. Last, our experiment on a physical robot provides empirical evidence that identify two major challenges for MI control: (a) the design of context-aware MI control systems; and (b) the conflict for control between the robot’s MI control system and the operator. Insights regarding these challenges are discussed and ways to tackle them are proposed.

scholarly journals Unregistered Biological Words Recognition by Q-Learning with Transfer Learning

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fei Zhu ◽  
Quan Liu ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Xiaoke Zhou ◽  
Yuchen Fu
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Recall Rate ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Target Task ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Improved Performance

Unregistered biological words recognition is the process of identification of terms that is out of vocabulary. Although many approaches have been developed, the performance approaches are not satisfactory. As the identification process can be viewed as a Markov process, we put forward a Q-learning with transfer learning algorithm to detect unregistered biological words from texts. With the Q-learning, the recognizer can attain the optimal solution of identification during the interaction with the texts and contexts. During the processing, a transfer learning approach is utilized to fully take advantage of the knowledge gained in a source task to speed up learning in a different but related target task. A mapping, required by many transfer learning, which relates features from the source task to the target task, is carried on automatically under the reinforcement learning framework. We examined the performance of three approaches with GENIA corpus and JNLPBA04 data. The proposed approach improved performance in both experiments. The precision, recall rate, andFscore results of our approach surpassed those of conventional unregistered word recognizer as well as those of Q-learning approach without transfer learning.

Toward The Simultaneous Correction of Spherical and Chromatic Aberration in Electron Optics by Means of an Electrostatic Electron Mirror

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 206-207
Author(s):  
Gertrude. F. Rempfer
Keyword(s):  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Transverse Magnetic ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ion Imaging ◽  
Corrected Image ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Chromatic Aberrations ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Image Planes

Optimum performance in electron and ion imaging instruments, such as electron microscopes and probe-forming instruments, in most cases depends on a compromise either between imaging errors due to spherical and chromatic aberrations and the diffraction error or between the imaging errors and the current in the image. These compromises result in the use of very small angular apertures. Reducing the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients would permit the use of larger apertures with resulting improved performance, granted that other problems such as incorrect operation of the instrument or spurious disturbances do not interfere. One approach to correcting aberrations which has been investigated extensively is through the use of multipole electric and magnetic fields. Another approach involves the use of foil windows. However, a practical system for correcting spherical and chromatic aberration is not yet available.Our approach to correction of spherical and chromatic aberration makes use of an electrostatic electron mirror. Early studies of the properties of electron mirrors were done by Recknagel. More recently my colleagues and I have studied the properties of the hyperbolic electron mirror as a function of the ratio of accelerating voltage to mirror voltage. The spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients of the mirror are of opposite sign (overcorrected) from those of electron lenses (undercorrected). This important property invites one to find a way to incorporate a correcting mirror in an electron microscope. Unfortunately, the parts of the beam heading toward and away from the mirror must be separated. A transverse magnetic field can separate the beams, but in general the deflection aberrations degrade the image. The key to avoiding the detrimental effects of deflection aberrations is to have deflections take place at image planes. Our separating system is shown in Fig. 1. Deflections take place at the separating magnet and also at two additional magnetic deflectors. The uncorrected magnified image formed by the objective lens is focused in the first deflector, and relay lenses transfer the image to the separating magnet. The interface lens and the hyperbolic mirror acting in zoom fashion return the corrected image to the separating magnet, and the second set of relay lenses transfers the image to the final deflector, where the beam is deflected onto the projection axis.

Selective Attention and Error Processing in an Illusory Conjunction Task

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertus A. Wijers ◽  
Maarten A.S. Boksem
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Illusory Conjunction ◽  
Conjunction Error ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Display Element ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Feature Error ◽  
High Level ◽  
Correct Target

Abstract. We recorded event-related potentials in an illusory conjunction task, in which subjects were cued on each trial to search for a particular colored letter in a subsequently presented test array, consisting of three different letters in three different colors. In a proportion of trials the target letter was present and in other trials none of the relevant features were present. In still other trials one of the features (color or letter identity) were present or both features were present but not combined in the same display element. When relevant features were present this resulted in an early posterior selection negativity (SN) and a frontal selection positivity (FSP). When a target was presented, this resulted in a FSP that was enhanced after 250 ms as compared to when both relevant features were present but not combined in the same display element. This suggests that this effect reflects an extra process of attending to both features bound to the same object. There were no differences between the ERPs in feature error and conjunction error trials, contrary to the idea that these two types of errors are due to different (perceptual and attentional) mechanisms. The P300 in conjunction error trials was much reduced relative to the P300 in correct target detection trials. A similar, error-related negativity-like component was visible in the response-locked averages in correct target detection trials, in feature error trials, and in conjunction error trials. Dipole modeling of this component resulted in a source in a deep medial-frontal location. These results suggested that this type of task induces a high level of response conflict, in which decision-related processes may play a major role.

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