Influence of moon and clouds on night illumination in two different spectral ranges

The variable brightness of the night sky affects plants as well as animals and humans. However, knowledge about this variability is still insufficient. Outstanding questions regarding how significant the influence of the moon, clouds, and artificial lighting remain. To be able to make statements about these effects, measurements over a long period of time are necessary. Fraunhofer IOSB performs such measurements in the 380–780 nm photopic visual and 800–1700 nm shortwave infrared spectral range. As the latter is only marginally affected by artificial lighting, a comparison of the two bands deepens insight into the influence of artificial lighting. First analyses show that the moon is, as expected, the dominant light source in the night sky, especially during a full moon. Illuminance values up to 200 mlx and irradiance values up to 600 µW/m2 were measured in the visible and infrared respectively. The influence of clouds is more complicated. The measured intensities depend, among other things, on cloud cover and cloud altitude. When the night sky is overcast, the measured intensities can drop as low as 0.5 mlx and 0.5 µW/m2, respectively. These small values were measured during rainfall. The influence of artificial illumination is difficult to estimate, as intensities in the shortwave infrared decrease with increasing cloud cover, but increase in the visual.

SMART on-board multi-sensor obstacle detection system for improvement of rail transport safety

This paper presents an on-board multi-sensor system which is able to detect obstacles and estimate their distances in railway scenes in different illumination conditions. The system was developed within the H2020 Shift2Rail project SMART (Smart Automation of Rail Transport) and aims at increasing the safety of rail transport by detecting obstacles on the rail tracks ahead of a moving train in order to reduce the number of collisions. The system hardware consists of cameras of different types integrated into a specially designed housing, mounted on the front of the train. Multiple vision sensors complement each other in order to handle different illumination and environmental conditions. The system software uses a novel machine learning-based method that is suited to a particular challenge of railway operations, the need for long-range obstacle detection and distance estimation. The development of this method used a long-range railway dataset, which was specifically generated for this project. Evaluation results of reliable obstacle detection in various environmental conditions using the SMART RGB camera in day light illumination conditions and using the SMART Night Vision sensor in poor (night) illumination conditions are presented. The results demonstrate both the potential of the on-board SMART obstacle detection system in the operational railway environment and the benefit of the use of different cameras to be more independent of light and environmental conditions.

Ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.) after hyperthermia

The influence of hyperthermia (33 ºC, 2 days) on the ultrastructure of palisade cells of mesophyll of the first rosette leaves of arabidopsis Columbia 0 ecotype (Col-0, phases 1.02–1.04) was studied. Samples of 12-day-old seedlings were selected in 2 variants: control and 2 days 33 ºC. Seedlings of the control variant were grown in a growth chamber with a photoperiod of 15/9 hours. (day/night), illumination 5.5 klx, 75 % humidity and temperature 22 ºC. In the experimental variant containers with 9-day-old seedlings were transferred for 2 days to a growth chamber with a preset light 5.5 klx and temperature 33 ºC, with a photoperiod of 15/9 hours. The conducted ultrastructural analysis allowed to reveal the spectrum of rearrangements of palisade cells after two-day action of high (33 ºC) temperature. It was shown that the high temperature negatively affected size of mesophyll palisade cells, the cross-sectional area of which was 12 % smaller than in the control. Chloroplasts show an increase in granality: in the control granas contained 6–10 thylakoids, often combining into larger granas, up to 20 or more thylakoids in the intersection zone, while after two-day hyperthermia the granas contained 20 or more thylakoids, often forming giant granas of 60 and more thylakoids, the average cross-sectional area of starch granules decreased by almost half: 0.99 μm2 compared to 1.92 μm2 in the control, the diameter of plastoglobuli increased 3–4 times: to 100–200 nm compared to 30–50 nm in the control. In mitochondria, there was a decrease in the partial volume of the cristae, enlightenment of the matrix, the cross-section of mitochondria increased at least twice: 1 μm2 compared to 0.44 μm2 in the control. The mean cross-sectional area of peroxisomes also increased at least twice, to 1.36 μm2 compared with 0.77 μm2 in the control.

COMPARISON OF THE CALCULATED WORKING RANGE OF THE THIRD GENERATION EOS AND MATRIX FOR NEAR IR RANGE

In the course of work on the master's thesis the analysis of daytime and night-time devices was carried out. The analysis showed that devices based on CCD-matrixes prevail in this segment, but the devices of this type cannot be fully called night devices, because the sensitivity of the matrixes used in their designs does not allow to observe without illumination at natural night illumination of 10-3 lux. It is known that IR illumination is a strong unmasking factor.EOS can provide acceptable image quality in natural nightlight. But their use in day-night devices has limitations. Under prolonged exposure to high light, the photocathode of EOS quickly becomes unusable, so when developing a day-night device must provide EOS protection from daylight. Thus it was decided to use CMOS-matrix as an image receiver in the night channel. This, in turn, solves several problems at once. When using the photoreceiver there is no need for mechanical switching between the channels, as there is no danger of light. Also the spectral range of sensitivity of CMOS-matrixes is much more various than that of CCD and EOS that allows to pick up an optimum range of frequencies and to refuse illumination at normal night illumination. In this article a comparison of the calculated range of detection of the device on the basis of EOS of 3 generation with the device in which as the image receiver CMOS-matrix is used.

Coloured light pollution in the urban environment

The article deals with issues related to colored lighting occurring in urban space. On the example of the Colosseum Amphitheatre 3D model, applications of colorful illumination were shown and the rationale for using color in individual cases was discussed. The aim of the article is to draw attention to proper planning and modernization of lighting to limit the negative interference of light in the ecosystem. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. R. Boyce, "The benefits of light at night", Building and Environment, 151, 356-367 (2019) CrossRef Y. Hu,T. Zhang ,J. Chen, D. Ma ,C. Cheng, " Hybrid Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with Low Color-Temperature and High Efficiency for Physiologically- Friendly Night Illumination", Israel Journal of Chemistry, 54, 979-985 (2014) CrossRef W. Jernarczyk, "Dwa oblicza światła", Kosmos, 64, 625-632 (2015) DirectLink J.D.Bullough, M.S Mies, "The blue-light hazard:A review", Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society,29, 6-14 (2013) CrossRef M. Rivas., P.T. Santidrian, J. U. Dieguez, A. Marco, " Leatherback hatchling sea-finding in response to artificial lighting:Interaction between wavelenght and moonlight", Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 463, 143-149 (2015) CrossRef S. Marcinkowska, E. Tęgowska, "Oddziaływanie światła o różnym spectrum na bezkręgowce zmierzchu I pełnego dnia", Kosmos, 64, 589-597 (2015) DirectLink P. Jakubowski, "Wpływ rozkładu widmowego mocy promienistej ulicznych opraw oświetleniowych typu LED na zanieczyszczenie światłem otoczenia", Kosmos, 64, 643-653 (2015) DirectLink K. Skarżyński, "Iluminacja obiektów architektonicznych a zanieczyszczenie środowiska światłem", Kosmos, 64, 553-562 (2015) DirectLink P. Tabaka, I. Fryc, "Zależność poziomu zanieczyszczenia otoczenia światłem od kształtu krzywej użytkowanej oprawy oświetleniowej", Kosmos, 64, 669-677 (2015) DirectLink W.Żagan, K.Skarżyński, "Analysis of light pollution from floodlighting: Is there a different approach to floodlighting?", Light and Engineering, 25, 75-82 (2017) DirectLink J.Kowalska, "Zanieczyszczenie światłem barwnym obrazu miast", Polish Journal for Sustainable Development, 21, 69-76 (2017) CrossRef C.Gardner, "The use and misuse of coloured lighting in the urban enviroment", Optics&Laser Technology, 38, 366-376 (2006) CrossRef

Secrets of Lighting: Library Book Stack Illumination and Its Influences on Readers’ Book-Searching Behaviors

Book stack illuminance was recorded by a luminometer from September 2016 through September 2017 based on tracking-observation in two libraries at the University of Illinois at Urbana and Champaign in the US and the Jiangsu University Library in China. Independent-samples T test and one-way analysis of variance were used for records data analysis. Further, an experiment was designed to measure the effects of book stack lighting environment on readers’ book-searching behaviors. Independent-samples T test was used for experiment data analysis. It was found that the seasonal illuminance of book stacks changed irregularly, which meant that two hypotheses (1 and 2) central to this study were not fully supported, and the day-night illumination differences on the stacks was significant in UIUC libraries for three seasons, and completely significant in JSU Library. In the course of behavior experiments, stack lighting had no significant effect on American participants’ searching performance, while the results in the library of China were diametrically opposite. Therefore, the lighting system in book stacks should be optimized through choosing the appropriate light sources, adjusting the approaches to book stack lighting and, even more, considering readers’ expectation and perception during library lighting designing, so as to increase their efficiency in book-searching.