Relation of Individual Differences in Information-Processing Ability to Driving Performance

1989 ◽  
Vol 33 (15) ◽  
pp. 965-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ranney ◽  
Nathaniel H. Pulling
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Driving Skills ◽  
Processing Ability ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Selection Of

Fifty subjects ranging in age from 30 to 83 participated in a closed-course driving test and in laboratory tests of information processing. Driving tests included responding to traffic signals, selection of routes, avoidance of moving hazards, and judgment at stationary gaps. Lab tests included measures of perceptual style, selective attention, reaction time, visual acuity, perceptual speed and risk-taking propensity. Analyses were conducted to determine how well lab measures predicted driving performance. Results revealed different patterns of correlations for different age groups. For younger drivers (30-51), lab measures generally showed no association with measures of driving performance. For older drivers (74-83), measures of information-processing were associated with overall rated driving performance, while measures of reaction time showed strong correlations with objective driving measures. The results suggested that different mechanisms are utilized by drivers of different ages, and that the slowing of reaction time associated with aging has effects on driving skills related to vehicle control.

Information Processing as a Predictor of Offensive Ability in Baseball

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl Nielsen ◽  
Carl McGown
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
State University ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Brigham Young University ◽  
Colorado State University ◽  
University Of Utah ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Processing Ability

It has become very popular to view the human as a processor of information, with reaction time (RT) used in various ways to measure the speed of information processing. In many sports quick decisions are essential to success. It is tempting to study reaction time, infer information-processing ability, and use the results to make predictions about success. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between various RT and movement time (MT) measures [simple RT, simple MT, simple total response time (TRT), choice RT, choice MT, choice TRT, and information-processing ability as determined by the increase in RT from simple to eight-choice conditions] with batting average, slugging percentage, and total average. 40 varsity baseball players from Colorado State University, University of Wyoming, University of Utah, and Brigham Young University were given 24 practice attempts followed by 48 experimental attempts for both simple and choice RT and MT. These scores were then correlated with batting averages, slugging percentages, and total averages. This research demonstrated no relationship between the various measurements of reaction and movement times and offensive ability in baseball.

scholarly journals Rate of information processing and reaction time of aircraft pilots and non-pilots

2002 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Barkhuizen ◽  
Johann Schepers ◽  
Johan Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Test Battery ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Form Discrimination ◽  
Time Rate ◽  
Critical Components ◽  
Aircraft Pilots ◽  
Time Form ◽  
Selection Of

Reaction time and rate of information processing are cited as critical components in the make-up of pilots. A need was identified to establish the validity of various chronometric measures in the selection of pilots. Fifty-eight military and commercial pilots and twenty non-pilots were subjected to Schepers’ Computerised Information Processing Test Battery, which measures reaction time, form discrimination time, colour discrimination time, rate of information processing (perceptual) and rate of information processing (conceptual). Five hypotheses and one postulate were formulated and tested. The results indicate that pilots could be differentiated from non-pilots with 92,3% accuracy. However, the results need to be cross-validated before they are used for selection. Opsomming Reaksietyd en tempo van inligtingverwerking word as kritieke komponente in die samestelling van vlieëniers beskou. ‘n Behoefte is geïdentifiseer om die geldigheid van verskeie chronometriese metinge in vlieënierskeuring te bepaal. Agt en vyftig militêre en kommersiële vlieëniers en twintig nie-vlieëniers is onderwerp aan Schepers se Gerekenariseerde Inligtingverwerkingstoets-battery wat reaksietyd, vormdiskriminasietyd, kleurdiskriminasietyd, tempo van inligtingverwerking (perseptueel) en tempo van inligtingverwerking (konseptueel) meet. Vyf hipoteses en een postulaat is gestel en getoets. Die resultate dui daarop dat vlieëniers met 92,3% akkuraatheid van nievlieëniers onderskei kan word. Die resultate behoort egter eers gekruisvalideer te word voordat dit finaal vir keuring gebruik kan word.

scholarly journals Motor planning in old age: Response time on a manipulative task

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Cássio de Miranda Meira Júnior ◽  
Flavio Henrique Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Transversal Study

In a transversal study with the use of a manipulative motor task, reaction and movement time of young (61 to 66 years old) and older elderly (67 to 81 years old) were measured. Subjects performed the task with the preferred hand in response to a visual and an auditory stimulus. Results showed that (a) reaction time values were the same for the both age groups; (b) movement time values were higher in older elderly; and (c) on both ages, the nature of the stimulus (visual or auditory) did not affect reaction and movement time. Results were discussed in the light of information processing background.

The Effects of Age and Target Location Uncertainty on Decision Making in a Simulated Driving Task

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Ranney ◽  
Lucinda A. S. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Traffic Signals ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Simulated Driving ◽  
Location Uncertainty ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Simulated Driving Task

Spatial localization has been identified as an age-sensitive process in selective attention. Because visual search in driving involves uncertainty concerning the location of information necessary for maneuvering decisions, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of age and target location uncertainty on a simulated driving task. Seventeen younger subjects (aged 30 to 45 years) and 13 older subjects (aged 65 to 75 years) completed three tasks including two reaction-time tasks and a simulated driving task. The reaction-time tasks included three conditions (simple left, simple right, and two-choice) in a laboratory and in a stationary vehicle. The simulated driving task was conducted on a closed driving course while subjects sat in a stationary vehicle. Subjects were required to select one of two lanes using information presented either on a changeable-message sign or on traffic signals. In the high-certainty condition, subjects were told where to look for relevant information; in the low-certainty condition, they were told that information could appear in either place. Response times were measured from sign or traffic signal onset to the subject's activation of the vehicle turn signal. The results indicated small, non-significant differences between age groups for the reaction-time tasks. Significant age-related differences were found in the simulated lane-selection task. Older subjects were 15% slower overall than the younger subjects. Uncertainty concerning the location of relevant information slowed decision-making speed for all subjects, but proportionately more for the older subjects (16% versus 11% for the younger age group). Uncertainty slowed responses to the changeable message sign more than to traffic signals for subjects in both age groups. The results are consistent with the spatial localization hypothesis, and suggest that older drivers may have more difficulty than younger drivers locating targets in visual search while driving. The results also suggest that effective use of changeable-message signs requires placement in locations with high expectancy, and allowing drivers sufficient time to locate the sign before reading the scrolling message.

Assessment of the Dietary Intakes of 6- and 12-Month-Old Infants in Saudi Arabia

2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Riyadh A. Alzaheb ◽  
Norah Alatawi ◽  
Khawla A. Daoud ◽  
Naema Altawil
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
24 Hour Recall ◽  
Adequate Nutrient ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract.Background: Establishing understanding of infants’ dietary intakes can support interventions to improve their diets and overall health. Because information on the dietary intakes of infants aged ≤12 months in Saudi Arabia is scarce, this study examined the diets of infants aged 6 and 12 months in Saudi Arabia and determined their main dietary sources of total energy and macronutrients. Methods: A crosssectional dietary survey employing a single 24-hour recall was performed between May and December 2015 with a sample of mothers of 278 healthy 6-month-old and 259 12-month-old infants. An analysis of the dietary intake data determined the nutrient intake adequacy and the percentage contributions of foods to energy and macronutrient intakes. Results: The respective mean daily energy intakes of the 6-month-old and 12-month-old infants in the study were 703 kcal and 929 kcal. Both age groups recorded adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception that the 6-month-olds’ mean vitamin D intake fell below the recommended Adequate Intake (AI), and the 12-month-olds’ intakes of omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin D were also below the AI, along with their iron intake which fell short of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). Conclusion: The data generated here will assist health professionals in planning interventions which aim to improve infants’ diets and to offer guidance to parents on the appropriate selection of food for their infants.

The Adult as Foe or Friend?: Childism in Guus Kuijer's Criticism and Fiction

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Joosen
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Children's Books ◽  
Children’S Books ◽  
Memorial Award ◽  
Adult Reader ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

Compared to the attention that children's literature scholars have paid to the construction of childhood in children's literature and the role of adults as authors, mediators and readers of children's books, few researchers have made a systematic study of adults as characters in children's books. This article analyses the construction of adulthood in a selection of texts by the Dutch author and Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award winner Guus Kuijer and connects them with Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's recent concept of ‘childism’ – a form of prejudice targeted against children. Whereas Kuijer published a severe critique of adulthood in Het geminachte kind [The despised child] (1980), in his literary works he explores a variety of positions that adults can take towards children, with varying degrees of childist features. Such a systematic and comparative analysis of the way grown-ups are characterised in children's texts helps to shed light on a didactic potential that materialises in different adult subject positions. After all, not only literary and artistic aspects of children's literature may be aimed at the adult reader (as well as the child), but also the didactic aspect of children's books can cross over between different age groups.

scholarly journals Influence of Patient Age on Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes Causing Invasive Disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Inostroza ◽  
Ana Maria Vinet ◽  
Gloria Retamal ◽  
Pedro Lorca ◽  
Gonzalo Ossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sterile Site ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT All clinical S. pneumoniae specimens isolated from patients with invasive or sterile-site infections admitted to one regional general hospital in southern Chile were collected during a 5-year period (February 1994 to September 1999). A total of 247 strains belonging to 50 serotypes were isolated in this survey: 69 in patients under 5 years of age, 129 in patients 5 to 64 years old, and 49 from patients 65 years and older. Eight serotypes were identified in all age groups, while all other serotypes were found exclusively in one age group or in patients over 4 years of age. Serotype 3 was never found in patients under 5 years old, and serotype 14 was not found in patients >64 years of age. There was no difference in the serotypes causing infection in each one of the 5 years of the survey. Our results suggest that both bacterial virulence factors and host factors play an important role in the selection of S. pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infection. Possible host factors include age-related differences in the immune response. Comparative studies with other areas of the world may help to further understanding of our observations in southern Chile.

Influence of cognitive style on information processing and selection of yogurt labels: Insights from an eye-tracking study

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Mawad ◽  
Marcela Trías ◽  
Ana Giménez ◽  
Alejandro Maiche ◽  
Gastón Ares
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Selection Of
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