Emergency (911) Dispatcher Decision Making: Ecological Display Development

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 506-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jay Shively
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Design Constraints ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Emergency Dispatchers

Emergency dispatchers must make complex life or death decisions under extreme time pressure. Using Ecological Task Analysis (ETA), a technique normally applied to aerospace human factors problems, a new display was designed that would better assist their decision making task. The major design constraints were identified to be the beat number and priority of incidents, available units, and the spatial relationship of the those units to the incident. Using these and other less formal factors, a GUI interface was designed and an evaluation was conducted at the Richmond, CA police dispatch center. The results suggest that the GUI display may reduce training times and increase situational awareness.

Wildland firefighter entrapment avoidance: modelling evacuation triggers

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory K. Fryer ◽  
Philip E. Dennison ◽  
Thomas J. Cova
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Firefighter Safety ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Tactical Decisions ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge ◽  
Potential Tool

Wildland firefighters are often called on to make tactical decisions under stressful conditions in order to suppress a fire. These decisions can be hindered by human factors such as insufficient knowledge of surroundings and conditions, lack of experience, overextension of resources or loss of situational awareness. One potential tool for assisting fire managers in situations where human factors can hinder decision-making is the Wildland–Urban Interface Evacuation (WUIVAC) model, which models fire minimum travel times to create geographic trigger buffers for evacuation recommendations. Utilising multiple combinations of escape routes and fire environment inputs based on the 2007 Zaca fire in California, USA, we created trigger buffers for firefighter evacuations on foot, by engine and by heavy mechanised equipment (i.e. bulldozer). Our primary objective was to examine trigger buffer sensitivity to evacuation mode and expected weather and fuel conditions. Evacuation travel time was the most important factor for determining the size and extent of modelled trigger buffers. For the examined scenarios, we show that WUIVAC can provide analytically driven, physically based triggers that can assist in entrapment avoidance and ultimately contribute to firefighter safety.

scholarly journals Combining Hierarchical Task Analysis and Usage Scenarios to Help Embed Human Factors in Design

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo A. Salustri ◽  
W. Patrick Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Requirements Specification ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Unique Character

The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware.In recent years the instructors have noticed four specific shortcomings in students’ abilities to incorporate HF into their designs. We are developing new courseware that focuses on embedding HF considerations into the requirements specification stage. The courseware incorporates a novel combination of Hierarchical Task Analysis (a well-known method) with Usage Scenarios (a method of Salustri’s invention, based on the work of Stone and Wood). We further alter the courseware in several other ways to minimize the amount of documentation that students need to provide, while still capturing their decision-making process well enough to allow appropriate assessments. A plan for implementing and assessing the proposed work is also presented.

scholarly journals Combining hierarchical task analysis and usage scenarios to help embed human factors in design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo A. Salustri ◽  
W. Patrick Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Requirements Specification ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Unique Character

The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware. In recent years the instructors have noticed four specific shortcomings in students’ abilities to incorporate HF into their designs. We are developing new courseware that focuses on embedding HF considerations into the requirements specification stage. The courseware incorporates a novel combination of Hierarchical Task Analysis (a well-known method) with Usage Scenarios (a method of Salustri’s invention, based on the work of Stone and Wood). We further alter the courseware in several other ways to minimize the amount of documentation that students need to provide, while still capturing their decision-making process well enough to allow appropriate assessments. A plan for implementing and assessing the proposed work is also presented. Keywords: engineering design, human factors, hierarchical task analysis, courseware, user experience

scholarly journals CyberOps: Situational Awareness in Cybersecurity Operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-107
Author(s):  
Cyril Onwubiko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Integration Architecture ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Operational Factors ◽  
Conducive Environment

Cybersecurity operations (CyberOps) is the use and application of cybersecurity capabilities to a domain, department, organisation or nation. It is fundamentally to protect digital investments, contribute to national economic wellbeing by providing a safe, secure and conducive environment to conduct business and to protect a nation’s critical national infrastructures and citizens welfare. In this paper, we investigate operational factors that influence situational awareness of CyberOps, specifically, the features that deals with understanding and comprehension of operational and human factors aspects and that helps with insights on human operator decision making (e.g., cognition, teamwork, knowledge, skills and abilities). The operational factors discussed in this paper range from tools, techniques, integration, architecture to automation, cognition, people, policy, process and procedures.

Crisis management and human factors

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Simon Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Mental Models ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Best Practice Guidelines ◽  
National Quality

This first chapter explains how human factors affect the management of crises. The roles human factors play in the management of emergencies and crisis situations are becoming increasingly recognized in healthcare, having gained political momentum following a concordat from the National Quality Board in 2013. A framework is presented for emergency preparation, including standard operating procedures, checklists, allocation of roles, preparing equipment and drugs, sharing mental models, and communicating with support specialists. During the incident the focus is on situational awareness, leadership and teamwork, communication, and decision-making. Post-event debriefing is discussed with the joint goals of addressing psychological stress and learning for the future. Also provided are links to available up-to-date best-practice guidelines and useful resources for further reading.

Human Factors Issues in Advanced Moving-map Systems

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Ruffner ◽  
Maura C. Lohrenz ◽  
Michael E. Trenchard
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
User Interface ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Key Issues

Vector-based maps are an advanced capability of digital moving-map systems that are easily customised and can be powerful aids to aircrew information processing and decision-making. However, they may place excessive demands on an aircrew's information processing requirements, cause an increase in workload, and degrade situational awareness if the user interface is not designed properly. There is little information available about the human factors and situational awareness issues relevant to vector-based maps. In this paper, we summarise relevant research on human factors and situational awareness aspects of using vector-based maps, identify key issues, and recommend directions for future research.

scholarly journals Combining hierarchical task analysis and usage scenarios to help embed human factors in design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo A. Salustri ◽  
W. Patrick Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Industrial Engineering ◽  
Requirements Specification ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Unique Character

The introductory design course in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Ryerson University combines Human Factors (HF) and Design. Due to its unique character, we have developed custom courseware. In recent years the instructors have noticed four specific shortcomings in students’ abilities to incorporate HF into their designs. We are developing new courseware that focuses on embedding HF considerations into the requirements specification stage. The courseware incorporates a novel combination of Hierarchical Task Analysis (a well-known method) with Usage Scenarios (a method of Salustri’s invention, based on the work of Stone and Wood). We further alter the courseware in several other ways to minimize the amount of documentation that students need to provide, while still capturing their decision-making process well enough to allow appropriate assessments. A plan for implementing and assessing the proposed work is also presented. Keywords: engineering design, human factors, hierarchical task analysis, courseware, user experience

Ultrastructural evidence for mast cell-macrophage interrelationships in the dura mater of the rat: Infrequent mast cell-nerve associations

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-353
Author(s):  
Ruth V.W. Dimlich
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Plasma Extravasation ◽  
Close Spatial Relationship ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Headache Pain ◽  
Relationship Of

Mast cells in the dura mater of the rat may play a role in cerebral pathologies including neurogenic inflammation (vasodilation; plasma extravasation) and headache pain . As has been suggested for other tissues, dural mast cells may exhibit a close spatial relationship to nerves. There has been no detailed ultrastructural description of mast cells in this tissue; therefore, the goals of this study were to provide this analysis and to determine the spatial relationship of mast cells to nerves and other components of the dura mater in the rat.Four adult anesthetized male Wistar rats (290-400 g) were fixed by perfusion through the heart with 2% glutaraldehyde and 2.8% paraformaldehyde in a potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 30 min. The head of each rat was removed and stored in fixative for a minimum of 24 h at which time the dural coverings were removed and dissected into samples that included the middle meningeal vasculature. Samples were routinely processed and flat embedded in LX 112. Thick (1 um) sections from a minimum of 3 blocks per rat were stained with toluidine blue (0.5% aqueous).

Deciding the Adequacy of a Set of Tests for an Specific Assessment Situation. Decision-making Strategies

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
R. Esteve ◽  
A. Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Response Mode ◽  
Information Load ◽  
Variable Pattern ◽  
Mode Effects ◽  
Moderator Effects ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Information Board ◽  
Decision Importance

The aim of the present paper was to test the effects of response mode (choice vs. judgment) on decision-making strategies when subjects were faced with the task of deciding the adequacy of a set of tests for a specific assessment situation. Compared with choice, judgment was predicted to lead to more information sought, more time spent on the task, a less variable pattern of search, and a greater amount of interdimensional search. Three variables hypothesized as potential moderators of the response mode effects are also studied: time pressure, information load and decision importance. Using an information board, 300 subjects made decisions (choices and judgments) on tests for a concrete assessment situation, under high or low time pressure, high or low information load, and high or low decision importance. Response mode produced strong effects on all measures of decision behavior except for pattern of search. Moderator effects occurred for time pressure and information load.

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