scholarly journals The rise of Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT) and their role in China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

2020 ◽  
pp. 174276652098232
Author(s):  
Chunmeizi Su ◽  
Terry Flew
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Business Models ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
International Expansion ◽  
Digital Infrastructure ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Chinese digital technology giants, Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent (BAT), dominate over their competitors in China across platforms that include e-commerce, digital entertainment, e-finance and artificial intelligence (AI). To understand BAT’s corporate power and their strategic role working with the government – in this case, their involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – this paper unveils the capabilities of these three oligopolies and discusses their international expansion in relation to the BRI. The BRI is being constructed on two layers, the physical and digital infrastructure, and the BAT are contributing to the latter. This paper examines the interrelations between BAT and the state through case studies, observing the tensions and potential contradictions arising from the reliance of the Chinese state on the BAT to build digital infrastructure, while the BAT seek to minimize direct state regulation for their data-driven business models.

scholarly journals Tendencies and Prospects of China’s Investments into Russian Regions

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Victoria Batmanova ◽  
Ellada Tikhonovich ◽  
Tatyana Chigareva ◽  
Yuan Lyudai
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Investment Process ◽  
The Belt And Road

The article examines the growing role of China in global investments. During 15 years of economic development of the country, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) became the second country in the world acting as a recipient of investments and the second (third) investor sending its funds abroad. After the maximum volume of foreign direct investments (FDI) from the PRC in 2016, 2017 was marked by the drop of FDI. This is connected with China’s control over FDI withdrawal from the country, increasing protectionism from other countries and the aggravating situation for Chinese investors in foreign markets. The drop of investments is connected with a number of reasons. On the one hand, the government of China has strengthened the control over the capital drain from the country in the form of investments. Another reason is the growth of trade protectionism. The complicating external conditions for Chinese investors in connection with the policy of the USA are also worth paying attention to. The 19th National Congress of China mentioned “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) strategy as the main plan for organizing the investment process in the nearest future. Today the effort concentration process (investments into infrastructure, interaction with the countries along the new economic silk belt) is observed. Russia and its regions are included into the Northern corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative and can leverage the advantages of the cooperation with China. China has already invested funds into perspective projects in Russian regions and in the nearest future they are expected to grow within the Belt and Road Initiative.

GMS Economic Corridors Under the Belt and Road Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-206
Author(s):  
Masami Ishida
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Belt And Road

The government of China promotes the development of expressways and high-speed expressways in Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) and tries to connect the major cities of the subregion and Kunming under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). First, this article reviews the development schemes in the subregion including GMS economic cooperation and the BRI. Next, it introduces the development of the transport infrastructure, including expressways and high-speed railways, connecting Kunming and Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Thailand, Myanmar and Vietnam. Thereafter, it compares the total costs of the projects and how other GMS countries negotiate with China. Seeing the sections of the expressways and railways in Yunnan Province, the shares of some sections occupied by bridges and tunnels are higher than 20 per cent due to the mountainous land feature of Yunnan Province. On the other hand, the railway in Lao PDR passes through the mountainous areas, and they adopted higher specification as same as in Yunnan Province. Consequently, the debt-default risk of Lao PDR has increased. On the other hand, Thailand repeated tough negotiations with China and made efforts not to increase the total cost. The negotiations of Lao PDR and Thailand with China are illustrated in this article. JEL Codes: O18, R10, R41, R58

scholarly journals Challenges for the Promotion and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Central and Eastern Europe Under the Belt and Road Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Feifei Xue ◽  
Xiaoyong He ◽  
Wenzhi Hao ◽  
Jiajia Qin ◽  
Jiaxu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Cultural Connotation ◽  
English Translations ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Belt And Road

Along with the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly used and attracts more interest in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). As an important bridge between different cultures, translation plays a major role in promoting TCM in CEE. However, there are some problems in the translation process hindering further promotion of TCM theories and culture in CEE. First of all, the English translations of TCM classics and textbooks lack universally accepted standards, and the quality of TCM text translation is low. Secondly, TCM translators lack sufficient training in TCM knowledge. Also, the translation of TCM materials lacks cultural connotation. Through analyzing the current problems of TCM translation in CEE, this study proposed three suggestions: strengthening the exchange between the government and experts, regulating the translation of TCM textbooks, and strengthening the training of TCM translators.

scholarly journals The New Silk Road as the Pendulum Axis of History: China’s “Journey to the West” Opens a Range of Opportunities to Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Georgina Higueras
Keyword(s):  
Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
The West ◽  
Marco Polo ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Silk Road

The pendulum of History leaves the West to return to the East, as in the times of Marco Polo. China has found in the resurrection of the Silk Road the instrument for a more inclusive global economic growth and that is also in line with the multipolar world that the government proposes. In just five years, The Belt and Road Initiative, as it is formally referred to, has made great strides in its revolutionary global connection plan and added new followers, despite of the swiftness of the Chinese’s ascent is scaring many countries, especially its neighbors. The purpose of this article is to analyze the misgivings of Europe and the range of opportunities that Beijing is<br />offering to create together a model of sustainable<br />development and address the major challenges<br />that affect both: inequality, climate change and<br />protectionist drift. The New Silk Road is a unique<br />opportunity to bring closer the two extremes of<br />Eurasia, which today, more than ever, need to<br />understand each other.

scholarly journals The Belt and Road Initiative and Its Perceived Impacts on the Textile and Garment Industry of Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quoc An Le ◽  
Van Ai Tran ◽  
Bao Long Nguyen Duc
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Garment Industry ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
The Belt And Road

The main purpose of this study was to find out the perceived impacts on the garment and textile industry of Vietnam from the Belt and Road Initiative (the BRI), a global-scale developmental and trade facilitation policy of China. The research applied both desk review and in-depth interviews with 54 leaders and high-ranked officials from public and private sectors in 2017 to identify potential impacts of the BRI on the Vietnam textile and garment industry. In addition, perceived challenges and opportunities of the BRI were also examined. Respondents from both sectors agreed that the initiative could foster textile export and the development of infrastructure. Apart from that, the main challenge is recognized as the poor competitiveness of Vietnamese textile firms on the international commercial playground. Solution insights that were offered through interviews suggested that the competence of domestic apparel brands and establishment of ODM (Original Design Manufacturing) and OBM (Own Brand Manufacturing) business models in Vietnamese textile producers may play the key roles in coping with the new challenges and in grasping opportunities that the initiative has to offer. From the perspective of the state, an improved public administration system is perceived as the key element in supporting the enterprises for upcoming challenges.

scholarly journals The Economic Impact of Malaysia’s Institution on the Failure of the Wawasan 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
XU Jianing
Keyword(s):  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Vision 2020 ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Korean Economy ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Economic Development ◽  
The Belt And Road

On the arrival of 2020, Malaysian President Mahathir officially announced the failure of Wawasan 2020, which is also called Vision 2020. This article discusses the cause of this failure from the perspective of institutional issues, namely political struggle, institutional corruption, supreme Malay policy. At the same time, this article puts forward the following opinions for the future economic development of Malaysia because of the above issues. The first thing to govern is the corruption of government officials and the corruption of the system. Secondly, the government should improve its unfair education system and reduce the drain of Chinese talents. Taking the Korean economy as an example, Malaysia can achieve a win-win situation with China through the Belt and Road Initiative.

The Belt and Road Initiative and Sino-Russian economic cooperation: Is there one more chance for us?

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Petr M. Mozias
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
Current Stage

China’s Belt and Road Initiative could be treated ambiguously. On the one hand, it is intended to transform the newly acquired economic potential of that country into its higher status in the world. China invites a lot of nations to build up gigantic transit corridors by joint efforts, and doing so it applies productively its capital and technologies. International transactions in RMB are also being expanded. But, on the other hand, the Belt and Road Initiative is also a necessity for China to cope with some evident problems of its current stage of development, such as industrial overcapacity, overdependence on imports of raw materials from a narrow circle of countries, and a subordinate status in global value chains. For Russia participation in the Belt and Road Initiative may be fruitful, since the very character of that project provides us with a space to manoeuvre. By now, Russian exports to China consist primarily of fuels and other commodities. More active industrial policy is needed to correct this situation . A flexible framework of the Belt and Road Initiative is more suitable for this objective to be achieved, rather than traditional forms of regional integration, such as a free trade zone.

Belt and Road Initiative: Analysis of Possible Effects on Nigeria’s Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 20475-20182
Author(s):  
Ige Ayokunle O ◽  
Akingbesote A.O
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
International Economic Cooperation ◽  
R Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road initiative is an important attempt by China to sustain its economic growth, by exploring new forms of international economic cooperation with new partners. Even though the B&R project is not the first attempt at international cooperation, it is considered as the best as it is open in nature and does not exclude interested countries. This review raised and answered three questions of how the B&R project will affect Nigeria’s economy?  How will it affect the relationship between Nigeria and China? What could go wrong?, The review concluded that Nigeria can only benefit positively from the project.

The Belt and Road Initiative: Goals and Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Adnan Khalaf i Hammed Al-Badrani ◽  
Hind Ziyad Nafeih
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Ancient Silk Road ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation.       It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country.   The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

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