scholarly journals A robust anchoring effect in linear ordering

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 2680-2689
Author(s):  
Ulrich von Hecker ◽  
Karl Christoph Klauer ◽  
André Aßfalg
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Abstract Reasoning ◽  
Stimulus Feature ◽  
Spatial Simulation ◽  
Anchoring Effect ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Target Effect ◽  
The Right

The robustness of effects indicating a spatial component associated with abstract reasoning is tested. Judgements regarding hierarchical orderings tend to be faster and more accurate when the dominant element in any pair from the order (e.g., the older, richer) is presented on the left of the screen as compared with the right ( left-anchoring effect). This signature effect is investigated in three conditions (Experiment 1), each implementing a different timing regime for the elements in each pair, during learning. Thereby, the construction of a mental representation of the ordering was exposed to a potentially competing spatial simulation, that is, the well-known “mental timeline” with orientation from left (present) to right (future). First, the left-anchoring effect for order representations remained significant when timeline information was congruent with the presumed left-anchoring process, that is, the dominant element in a pair was always presented first. Second, the same effect remained also significant when the timeline-related information was random, that is, the dominant element being presented either first or second. Third, the same effect was found to be still significant, when the timeline-related information was contrary to the left-anchoring process, that is, the dominant element being presented always second. Experiment 2 replicates the target effect under random timeline information, controlling for colour as a stimulus feature. The results are discussed in the context of a theoretical model that integrates basic assumptions about acquired reading/writing habits as a scaffold for spatial simulation and primacy/dominance representation within such spatial simulations.

QUO VADIS HUKUM ISLAM (ANTARA IDEALITAS DAN REALITAS INDONESIA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
Dinda Izzati
Keyword(s):  
Political Rights ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
The Right

Evidently, a few months after the Jakarta Charter was signed, Christian circles from Eastern Indonesia submitted an ultimatum, if the seven words in the Jakarta Charter were still included in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution, then the consequence was that they would not want to join the Republic of Indonesia. The main reason put forward by Pastor Octavian was that Indonesia was seen from its georaphical interests and structure, Western Indonesia was known as the base of Islamic camouflage, while eastern Indonesia was the basis for Christian communities. Oktavianus added that Christians as an integral part of this nation need to realize that they also have the right to life, religious rights, political rights, economic rights, the same rights to the nation and state as other citizens, who in fact are mostly Muslims. This paper aims to determine and understand the extent to which the basic assumptions of the Indonesian people view the role of Islam as presented in an exclusive format.

scholarly journals SIMILARITY ASSESSMENT OF COUNTRIES TO FACILITATE LEARNING FROM INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beste Ozyurt ◽  
Gozde Bilgin ◽  
Irem Dikmen ◽  
M. Talat Birgonul
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Similarity Assessment ◽  
International Construction ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Governance Systems ◽  
Construction Experience ◽  
The Right

Companies’ ability to learn from projects is a source of competitive advantage in project-based industries. Learning from experiences in international markets is particularly important for global contractors so that the right bidding strategy can be developed, effective project governance systems can be established, and similar mistakes are not repeated. In this study, we assert that countries can be clustered according to their similarity so that experiences gained in these markets can be transferred and adapted to forthcoming projects. Thus, similarity factors to be used for clustering of countries can be identified, and a methodology can be developed to store, retrieve and reuse country-related information in international construction projects. In this paper, we report the factors identified for similarity assessment of countries to be used to facilitate learning from projects. As a result of literature review, interviews with experts and an online questionnaire administered to company professionals who have international construction experience, 12 factors have been identified for clustering of countries. As a result of ranking analysis; factors of “development level of and culture in the construction industry”, “political condition of the country” and “financial condition of the country” are obtained as the most important factors. The identified factors will be explained and how the clustering of countries can help companies to extract valuable information from previous experiences will be discussed.

Semiotic Evaluation of Product Ontologies

2012 ◽  
pp. 1507-1522
Author(s):  
Joerg Leukel ◽  
Vijayan Sugumaran
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ontology Engineering ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Ontology Evaluation ◽  
Supply Chain Model ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
The Right

Product-related information can be integrated with the help of a product ontology, which can provide consensual definitions of concepts and inter-relationships relevant in a product domain of interest. A product ontology is either given by a third party or results from ontology engineering. In both cases, the problem is how to assess its quality, and then select the “right” ontology. This chapter: (1) proposes a metrics suite for product ontology evaluation based on semiotic theory, and (2) demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of the metrics suite using a supply chain model. The contribution of this research is the comprehensive metrics suite that takes into account the various quality dimensions of product ontology.

Semiotic Evaluation of Product Ontologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 64-79
Author(s):  
Joerg Leukel ◽  
Vijayan Sugumaran
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Ontology Engineering ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Ontology Evaluation ◽  
Supply Chain Model ◽  
Quality Dimensions ◽  
The Right

Product-related information can be integrated with the help of a product ontology, which can provide consensual definitions of concepts and inter-relationships relevant in a product domain of interest. A product ontology is either given by a third party or results from ontology engineering. In both cases, the problem is how to assess its quality, and then select the “right” ontology. This chapter: (1) proposes a metrics suite for product ontology evaluation based on semiotic theory, and (2) demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of the metrics suite using a supply chain model. The contribution of this research is the comprehensive metrics suite that takes into account the various quality dimensions of product ontology.

Syntactic structures of Mandarin purposives

Linguistics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-126
Author(s):  
Wei-wen Roger Liao ◽  
Tzong-hong Jonah Lin
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Verb Movement ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Subject And Object ◽  
The Right

Abstract This paper investigates three constructions in Mandarin, all of which convey a purposive/teleological meaning, including the lai purposive, the hao purposive, and the bare purposive. Despite the fact that each type of purposive clause in Mandarin occurs at the right edge of a sentence, it is argued that none of the purposive clause is a genuine right adjunct in the underlying syntactic structure. On the other hand, our analysis shows that the lai purposive employs complementation of a secondary predicate, the hao purposive involves conjunction of two clauses, and the bare purposive should be analyzed as left adjunction that is stranded in the right edge after verb movement. The evidence for our analysis is drawn from subject and object gaps, the ba-construction in Mandarin, agentivity, and linear ordering of multiple purposive clauses. This work thus demonstrates representative cases where a structure that appears to involve right adjunction may in fact employ no right adjunction at all. The conclusion is thus consistent with the prediction of Linear Correspondence Axiom (LCA).

Ablaut reduplication in English: the criss-crossing of prosody and verbal art

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donka Minkova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Height Difference ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
The Right ◽  
Perceptual Differentiation ◽  
Vowel Quantity

The two properties that characterize Ablaut reduplication in English (chit-chat, dilly-dally) are: (1) identical vowel quantity in the stressed syllabic peaks, (2) maximally distinct vowel qualities in the two halves, with [i] appearing most commonly to the left and a low vowel to the right. In addition, Ablaut reduplicatives are described as having a trochaic contour, yet there is a great deal of uncertainty regarding the stress on the second part of the formation. Historically, Ablaut reduplication appeared long after Copy reduplication (boo-boo, yo-yo) and flourished during the Renaissance; its productivity declined sharply in the twentieth century.This article treats Ablaut reduplicatives as verbal art products, analogs of dipodic poetic meter. The naturalness of the template ensues from the interaction of conflicting segmental and prosodic constraints on identity and markedness. An independently established hierarchy blocks high back vowels from appearing in these forms. The height difference is a response to the principle of INTEREST which favors maximum perceptual differentiation between the stressed vowels. The linear ordering of the vowels correlates with domain-final lengthening. The ambiguity between compound stress and level stress that these words exhibit is related tentatively to the existence of a separate prosodic domain, a dipodic colon. The article provides Optimality-theoretic support for the analytical relevance of gradient phonetic properties and the relevance of the colon as a separate prosodic layer, and potentially enriches the taxonomy of metrical forms in English.

Representational Pseudoneglect in an Auditory-Driven Spatial Working Memory Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2168-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna L. Brooks ◽  
Robert H. Logie ◽  
Robert McIntosh ◽  
Sergio Della Sala
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Verbal Descriptions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Right ◽  
Healthy Participants

Two experiments explored lateralized biases in mental representations of matrix patterns formed from aural verbal descriptions. Healthy participants listened, either monaurally or binaurally, to verbal descriptions of 6 by 3 matrix patterns and were asked to form a mental representation of each pattern. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to judge which half of the matrix, left or right, contained more filled cells and to rate the certainty of their judgement. Participants tended to judge that the left side was fuller than the right and showed significantly greater certainty when judging patterns that were fuller on the left. This tendency was particularly strong for left-ear presentation. In Experiment 2, participants conducted the same task as that in Experiment 1 but were also asked to recall the pattern for the side judged as fuller. Participants were again more certain in judging patterns that were fuller on the left—particularly for left-ear presentation—but were no more accurate in remembering the details from the left. These results suggest that the left side of the mental representation was represented more saliently but it was not remembered more accurately. We refer to this lateralized bias as “representational pseudoneglect”. Results are discussed in terms of theories of visuospatial working memory.

scholarly journals Right Hemisphere Activation of Joke-related Information: An Event-related Brain Potential Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seana Coulson ◽  
Ying Choon Wu
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effect ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

Two studies tested the hypothesis that the right hemisphere engages in relatively coarse semantic coding that aids high-level language tasks such as joke comprehension. Scalp-recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were collected as healthy adults read probe words (CRAZY) preceded either by jokes or nonfunny controls (“Everyone had so much fun jumping into the swimming pool, we decided to put in a littlewater/platform”). Probes were related to the meaning of the jokes, but not the controls. In Experiment 1a, with central presentation, probes following jokes (related) elicited less negative ERPs 300–700 msec postonset (N400) than did probes following nonfunny controls (unrelated). This finding suggests related probes were primed by the jokes. In addition, unrelated probes elicited a larger anterior positivity 700– 900 msec than did related, as irrelevant stimuli impacted control processes invoked by task demands. In Experiment 1b, probes (CRAZY) were preceded only by sentence-final words from jokes (water) or controls (platform). No ERP effects were observed in Experiment 1b, suggesting the N400 priming effect and the anterior positivity observed in Experiment 1a reflect semantic activations at the discourse level. To assess hemispheric differences in semantic activations, in Experiment 2, ERPs were recorded as participants read probe words presented in their left and right visual fields (LVF and RVF, respectively). Probes elicited a smaller N400 component when preceded by jokes than controls. This N400 priming effect was larger with presentation to the LVF, suggesting joke-relevant information was more active in the right hemisphere. The anterior positivity was observed with RVF but not LVF presentation, suggesting an important role for the left hemisphere in controlled retrieval in language comprehension.

scholarly journals Value and probability coding in a feedback-based learning task utilizing food rewards

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tricomi ◽  
Karolina M. Lempert
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Probability Information

For the consequences of our actions to guide behavior, the brain must represent different types of outcome-related information. For example, an outcome can be construed as negative because an expected reward was not delivered or because an outcome of low value was delivered. Thus behavioral consequences can differ in terms of the information they provide about outcome probability and value. We investigated the role of the striatum in processing probability-based and value-based negative feedback by training participants to associate cues with food rewards and then employing a selective satiety procedure to devalue one food outcome. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined brain activity related to receipt of expected rewards, receipt of devalued outcomes, omission of expected rewards, omission of devalued outcomes, and expected omissions of an outcome. Nucleus accumbens activation was greater for rewarding outcomes than devalued outcomes, but activity in this region did not correlate with the probability of reward receipt. Activation of the right caudate and putamen, however, was largest in response to rewarding outcomes relative to expected omissions of reward. The dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) at the time of feedback also showed a parametric increase correlating with the trialwise probability of reward receipt. Our results suggest that the ventral striatum is sensitive to the motivational relevance, or subjective value, of the outcome, while the dorsal striatum codes for a more complex signal that incorporates reward probability. Value and probability information may be integrated in the dorsal striatum, to facilitate action planning and allocation of effort.

scholarly journals Methodology for the Application of Nonparametric Control Charts into Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-282
Author(s):  
Tereza Smajdorová ◽  
Darja Noskievičová
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Shewhart Control Charts ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Shewhart Control ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
The Right

Classical parametric statistical methods are based on several basic assumptions about data (normality, independence, constant mean and variance). Unfortunately, these assumptions are not always fulfilled in practice, whether due to problems arising during manufacturing or because these properties are not typical for some processes. Either way, when we apply parametric methods to such data, whether Shewhart’s or other types of parametric control charts, it is not guaranteed that they will provide the right results. For these cases, reliable nonparametric statistical methods were developed, which are not affected by breaking assumptions about the data. Nonparametric methods try to provide suitable procedures to replace commonly used parametric statistical methods. The aim of this paper is to introduce the reader to an alternative way of evaluating the statistical stability of the process, in cases where the basic assumptions about the data are not met. First, possible deviations from the data assumptions that must be met in order to use classical Shewhart control charts were defined. Subsequently, simulations were performed to determine which nonparametric control chart was better suited for which type of data assumption violation. First, simulations were performed for the in-control process. Then simulations for an out-of-control process were performed. This is for situations with an isolated and persistent deviation. Based on the performed simulations, flow charts were created. These flow charts give the reader an overview of the possibilities of using nonparametric control charts in various situations. Based on the performed simulations and subsequent verification of the methodology on real data, it was found that nonparametric control charts are a suitable alternative to the standard Shewhart control charts in cases where the basic assumptions about the data are not met.

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